Collection, Physical

Question 1

Collection: Timing

3, 2 subtypes, what r they for

Answer 1

First morning: most concentrated, higher quality, nitrites, cytology, formed elements

Timed
- 24 hour: 1st void in toilet, collect everything for the next 24 hrs including 1st void of 2nd day
- Specific time: some products vary in amount at certain times, glucose after eating

Random: routine, screening, dependent of hydration and exercise

Question 2

Collection: Methods

4, purpose

Answer 2

Routine: any type of specimen, contaminated, pee in cup
Midstream Clean Catch: keep bacteria and cells out, cultures and routine
Suprapubic: needle through abdomen, anaerobes and infants
Catheterized: sterile, inpatient culture/volume, easy contaminate by staff

Question 3

Collection: Storage

preserv., fridge

Answer 3

Perservative: boric acid
Fridge: if over 2 hours until analyzed, 24 hrs without preservative

Question 4

Collection: Physical Changes if Left Out

Answer 4

Color, clarity, odor

Question 5

Collection: Chemical Changes if Left Out

Answer 5

Increases: pH, nitrites
Decreases: bilirubin, glucose, urobilinogen

Question 6

Collection: Microscopic Changes if Left Out

Answer 6

Increases: amorph, crystals, bacteria
Decreases: formed elements

Question 7

Physical Exam: Color Basics

causes, dependent

Answer 7

Causes: urochrome provides yellow color, concentration of urochrome

Dependent on: metabolism, physical activity, hydration, eating, pathology

Question 8

Physical Exam: Colors

7 colors

Answer 8

Light/colorless: dilute = hydrated, diuretics = medicine, caffeine, alcohol, diabetes
Dark yellow: normal/dehydrated, fasting, exercise, first morning, kidney disorder
Amber/orange: very concentrated, bilirubin, drugs
Red/pink: hematuria (cloudy, hemoglobinuria (clear), food/drugs, menstruation
Brown: more bilirubin, alkaptonuria
Green/blue: biliverdin, infection, drugs
Black: very bloody, methemoglobin

Question 9

Physical Exam: Variations in Color

Answer 9

Dependent: amount of substance, urine pH, structure of substance

Question 10

Physical Exam: Clarity

Answer 10

Normal: clear
Abnormal: turbid = cells, casts, crystals, bacteria, semen

Question 11

Physical Exam: Concentration

2 things

Answer 11

Indicator of renal function
Specific gravity
Affected by number and size of particles
Range of 1.001-1.040
If higher than 1.040, radiographic dye
Osmolality
Affected only by number of solutes

Question 12

Physical Exam: Specific Gravity Measurements

2

Answer 12

Refractometry: small amount needed and fast, temp dependent though ad needs corrected for protein and glucose
Reagent strip: only ionic solutes, alkaine urines, fast and easy, pH change

Question 13

Physical Exam: Not Standard Things

3, explain normal and abnormal

Answer 13

Foam: white lasting is excess protein, yellow lasting is bilirubin
Volume: 600-1800 mL/day normal
Odor: normal is faint, abnormal is like sweet, fishy, bleach, ammonia, rotten