Chemical Analysis

Question 1

PH

Answer 1

Possible range: 4.5-8.0
Average 6.0

• Helps with crystal ID
• 8.5 is a bad/old sample

Question 2

Blood

3 types

Answer 2

Hemoglobin: clear and red/pink
RBCs: cloudy and red
Myoglobin: red, rhabdomyolysis

Question 3

White Blood Cells

Answer 3

Inflammation indicator
- Tests for esterase found in granulocytes

Question 4

Glucose

and tests

Answer 4

Should be all reabsorbed, tubule problem if not

Tests: glucose oxidase on strip, copper reduction for pediatrics and tests all sugars

Question 5

Ketones

what is it and causes

Answer 5

Product of fatty acid metabolism
Cause: can’t use carbs, decreased carb intake, loss of carbs

Question 6

Bilirubin & Urobilinogen

increase iin either?

Answer 6

Liver disease: bili and urobili spills into urine
Increase in bilirubin: bile duct obstruction
Increase in urobilinogen: cell lysis

Question 7

Ascorbic Acid

what is it and what does it do

Answer 7

Vitamin C
- Interferes with test strips
- False negatives for: glucose, bilirubin, WBC, blood, and nitrite

Question 8

Color Compensation

Answer 8

Accounts for heavy color on a urine stick reader

Question 9

Nitrites

Answer 9

UTIs
Normal from food
Also can be from bacteria

Question 10

Protein

3 phases

Answer 10

Pre-renal: increased amounts in kidney
Renal: glomerular proteinuria
Post-renal: inflammation, infection, injury