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Physiology 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hormonal axis connections

A

Consists of a cascade of endocrine pathways that respond to specific stimuli involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and target organs/cells

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2
Q

Hormone half life

A

the time required for its concentration to decrease to half of its concentration - how long its cleared is inverse to how long its in the system

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3
Q

Afferent vs efferent

A

Related to nerves, lymph and blood vessels- afferent side takes things to, and efferent takes them away

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4
Q

endocrine signaling

A

A cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream

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5
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

A cell targets itself (receptors on the same cell)

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6
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

A cell targets a nearby cell (adjacent cell)

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7
Q

Juxtacrine signaling

A

A ligand on a signaling cell binds to target cell receptors

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8
Q

Intracrine signaling

A

Signal is released within the cell and acts within the cell (doesn’t leave)

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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Especially controls homeostasis, main link of nervous and endocrine systems

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10
Q

Infundibulum

A

Stalk- portal vessels

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11
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

glandular tissue (from primitive gut tissue)

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12
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Neural tissue, intermediate area

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13
Q

Anterior pituitary cell types

A

Acidophils, basophils, chromophobes

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14
Q

Acidophils

A

Pink with dark nuclei, protein hormones GH PRL

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15
Q

Basophils

A

Darker purple cytoplasm, glycoprotein hormones LH, FSH, ATCH, TSH

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16
Q

Chromophobes

A

Non secretory support cells

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17
Q

H&E stain

A

Hematoxylin and eosin

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18
Q

Lactotrophs make _ while somatotrophs make _

A

Prolactin, growth hormone

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19
Q

Oxytocin- cause neuroendocrine reflexes

A

Stimulate uterine contractions (receptors are low in uterus till parturition) and dilate cervix

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20
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

9 amino acids, from hypothalamus, stimulates water retention in the kidneys, regulates and balances water in blood

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21
Q

Pituitary endocrine disorders

A

Galactorrhea, acromegaly, cushings syndrome, gigantism, diabetes insipidus

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22
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Located in the neck where it wraps around the trachea- makes thyroid hormone. filled with colloid, follicles and iodine

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23
Q

Gene mutations can be either

A

Acquired (not hereditary) or inherited (hereditary)

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24
Q

Autosomal (inherited disease)

A

Dominant and recessive, Mutation found on chromosomes 1-22

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25
Q

X linked (inherited disease)

A

Dominant and recessive, mutation found on X chromosome

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26
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

Rare, affected person usually has only one copy of diseased gene, tend to strike adults- insufficient activity of normal gene product

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27
Q

Autosomal recesesive

A

Only apparent when two copies of the gene are present- parents with one copy are carries, higher occurrence in geographically culturally isolated populations- defects in enzymes

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28
Q

X- linked recessive

A

Expressed primarily in males, mothers and half of the sisters will be carriers

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29
Q

X- linked dominant

A

More common in females, if disease is lethal in males, then inheritance pattern changes

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30
Q

Chromosomal disorders

A

Generally involve more than one gene, may be detectable on karyotype, include translocations, deletions, and additions, can be detected prenatally

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31
Q

Galactorrhea

A

Abnormally initiated or prolonged lactation- caused by pituitary tumor- hyperprolactinemia

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32
Q

Acromegaly

A

Over production of growth hormone- hypersomatoropinsim

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33
Q

Cushings syndrome

A

Too much cortisol- pituitary produces too much ACTH

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34
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

produce high volumes of dilute urine, excessive thirst, hyponatremia and hypernatremia (high and low blood sodium)

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35
Q

Central diabetes insipidus

A

lack ADH-injury, disease, autoimmune, genetic

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36
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

A

ADH production ok but kidneys don’t respond- Some meds, urinary tract blockage, genetic

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37
Q

Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus

A

Problem with hypothalamus makes you thirsty (drink to much)-Injury, surgical damage, inflammation, tumor

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38
Q

Gestational diabetes insipidus

A

Placenta makes too much enzyme that breaks down ADH- rare, temporary during pregnancy, altered liver function, vasopressinase

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39
Q

Thyroid matrix

A

follicles create colloid which pools inside them and you need iodine to make this happen

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40
Q

hypothyroidism symptoms

A

Metabolism slows down, weight gain, tired/lethargic, cold, iron deficiency (autoimmune or genetic)

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41
Q

T4 and T3- thyroid hormones

A

Amine, Stimulate basal metabolic rate

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42
Q

Calcitonin (thyroid hormone)

A

Peptide, reduces blood Ca2+ levels, promotes deposition of calcium into bones, inhibits calcium reabsorption in the kidneys

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43
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands

A

Embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

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44
Q

How parathyroid hormone maintains blood calcium homeostasis

A

Increases blood calcium levels when they drop too low, and calcitonin (rom thyroid gland) decreases blood calcium levels when they become too high

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45
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, nerve synapses release hormone

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46
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Mineralcorticoids-,regulate mineral balance

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47
Q

Zona fasiculata

A

glucocorticoids- regulate glucose metabolism

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48
Q

Zona reticularis

A

Produces sex steroids

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49
Q

Receptor

A

Protein that binds to a ligand with high affinity and low capacity- must be saturable

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50
Q

target cells of a hormone

A

must express specific receptor for it

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51
Q

Hormone receptor interaction

A

Defined by equilibrium constant, the Kd or disassociation constant

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52
Q

Hormone binding proteins

A

Water soluble

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53
Q

Bound vs free hormone

A

Exist in equilibrium, only free can bind to receptors

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54
Q

Calcitonin

A

peptide, reduces blood Ca levels, made by parafollicular cells, stimulates osteoblasts, decreases Ca absorption from intestines and increases Ca loss from kidneys, inhibits osteoclasts

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55
Q

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Amine, stimulate basal metabolic rate, responsive to TSH levels

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56
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

T3, T4, and calcitonin

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57
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Embedded in posterior of thyroid glands,, express calcium sensing receptor and mobilize intracellular calcium in response to CASR activation

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58
Q

Chief cells

A

main functional cells of the parathyroid glands, make and secrete PTH

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59
Q

PTH

A

Regulator of calcium, increases and decreases calcium levels by way of the kidneys and intestines, stimulates osteoclasts

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60
Q

Thyroid hormone function

A

Regulate basal metabolic rate, protein synthesis, childhood development, interact with repro hormones

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61
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

makes aldosterone cortisol and cortisone, steroid, increases blood sodium levels and blood glucose levels

62
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine, amine, stimulate fight or flight response

63
Q

The pineal gland

A

makes melatonin, pinealocytes, SCN is activated with light and shuts down melatonin production

64
Q

Renal Enzyme 1-a hydroxylase

A

Converts OH to calcitriol

65
Q

General adaptation system

A

Response to stress

66
Q

Stage one GAS system

A

Alarm reaction- fight or flight short term

67
Q

Stage two GAS system

A

Stage of resistance- adapt metabolism

68
Q

Stage 3 GAS system

A

Stage of exhaustion- depression, immune suppression, weight gain

69
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

synthesizes and secretes digestive enzymes

70
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

synthesizes and secretes hormones (islets of Langerhans, insulin, glucagon, somatistatin, alpha, beta, PP cells)

71
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Type 1- lose source of insulin, autoimmune, attacks beta cells
Type 2- acquired, insulin resistance, beta cells keep secreting insulin
ketosis, chronic high glucose damages blood vessels and nerves

72
Q

Leptin

A

From adipose tissue, promotes satiety signals in the brain

73
Q

Renin

A

From kidneys, stimulates release of aldosterone

74
Q

Calcitriol

A

From kidneys, aids in the absorption of CA2+

75
Q

Erythroprotein

A

From kidneys, triggers the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow

76
Q

Cholecalciferol

A

From skin, modified to form vitamin D

77
Q

IGF-1

A

From liver, stimulates bodily growth

78
Q

Angiotensinogen

A

From liver, raises blood pressure

79
Q

Insulin release is triggered by

A

Gut hormone sensors, Blood glucose levels

80
Q

What lacks insulin receptors and does not require insulin to take up glucose

A

Brain, liver, kidneys, small intestine lining

81
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

Insulin resistance

82
Q

Storage form of glucose-Starch

A

main storage carbohydrate in plants, amylose is unbranched and amylopectin is branched

83
Q

Storage form of glucose-Cellulose

A

Unbranched straight chains, main component of the cell plant wall

84
Q

storage form of glucose-glycogen

A

Highly branched and similar to amylopectin, main storage carbohydrate in animals

85
Q

Insulin inhibits

A

Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

86
Q

insulin stimulates

A

Protein synthesis, lipogenesis, glycogenesis, glycolysis

87
Q

What leads to hyperglycemia in the ominous octet

A

decreased glucose uptake, increased lipolysis, neurotransmitter disfunction

88
Q

Alimentary canal

A

Mouth to anus, contents inside lumen of gut are really outside the body until absorbed

89
Q

Layers of the alimentary canal from inside to outside

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

90
Q

Epithelial type cells in the gut

A

Simple columnar (absorption) goblet cells (protection), enteroendocrine cells (endocrine cells in gut making hormone)

91
Q

Mucosa Lamina propria- Loose CT

A

Blood and lymph vessels, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

92
Q

Muscularis mucosa

A

thin smooth muscle layer, tone creates folds

93
Q

Submucosa

A

Dense irregular CT, blood, lymph submucosal glands, nerves

94
Q

Serosa

A

Loose Ct layer only in abdominal cavity- mouth, pharynx and esophagus have adventitia (dense collagen attachment)c

95
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Inner circular smooth muscle, outer longitudinal smooth muscle

96
Q

Muscularis externa exceptions

A

At colon, stomach 3rd layer, mouth, pharynx, esophagus and anus (skeletal muscle)

97
Q

Intrinsic nervous system: enteric neurons- independent

A

Myenteric plexus- in muscularis, submucosal plexus- in submucosa (regulates digestive secretions, reactions to food/chemicals/nutrients)

98
Q

Extrinsic nervous system- autonomic system

A

Symp- fight or flight (inhibits intrinsic) parasyp- rest and digest (stimulates intrinsic)

99
Q

GI tract blood supply

A

Transport absorbed protein and carbs, supply nutrients to gut cells, veins- hepatic portal system - liver gets to process/store first

100
Q

GI tract peritoneum

A

Two layers- parietal (lines abdomen wall) visceral (surrounds gut organs) anchors organs

101
Q

6 fundamental activates of the GI tract

A

Ingestion, propulsion, absorption, defecation, mechanical, physical, chemical digestion

102
Q

Chyme

A

Soup of digesta, acid, enzymes

103
Q

Segmentation

A

Peristalsis ( forward and reverse)

104
Q

Neural regulation of Gi tract

A

Chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, mechanoreceptors- long and short reflexes

105
Q

Endocrine regulation of GI tract

A

Gastrin (stomach, food present, stim acid secretion) secretin (duodenum, bicarbonate from pancreas)

106
Q

Solar Plexus

A

Network of nerves, blood or lymph vessels in the abdomen

107
Q

Greater omentum

A

Apron like structure that lies superficial to the small intestine an transverse colon

108
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver- provides a pathway for structures connecting to the liver

109
Q

Three types of salivary glands

A

submandibular, sublingual, parotid

110
Q

What does saliva do

A

Helps with lube and digest, secretes Bicarb and phosphate (buffer pH)- amylase to break down starch

111
Q

Types of teeth

A

Deciduous (baby teeth), permanent, incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, molars- cusp= tip or point

112
Q

Crown

A

Part of tooth projecting above the gum line

113
Q

Root of tooth

A

embedded within the maxilla and mandible

114
Q

Tooth pulp cavity

A

contains loose connective tissue in which run nerves and blood vessels

115
Q

Tooth dentin

A

a bone like tissue that surrounds the pulp cavity

116
Q

Tooth cementum

A

A bone like layer that covers dentin

117
Q

Tooth enamel and dental caries

A

Enamel is the outer layer that covers dentin- dental caries are holes in the tooth- teeth ulcers

118
Q

Tongue’s extrinsic muscles

A

manipulate food or chewing, shape food into a bolus, manipulate food for swallowing

119
Q

Tongue’s intrinsic muscles

A

manipulate food for swallowing

120
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx (breath, speak), oropharynx and laryngopharynx (breathe ,digest)

121
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter

A

Skeletal and smooth muscle, diaphragm

122
Q

Lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

A

Heartburn, GERD- movement from the esophagus to the stomach

123
Q

3 phases of swallowing

A

Voluntary, involuntary- pharyngeal and esophageal

124
Q

The stomach function

A

highly contractile- mix and churn, expandable storage chamber, digestion (acid pepsin), minimal absorption

125
Q

4 regions of stomach

A

Carida (cardiac sphincter), fundus (dome), Body (main region) and pylorus (funnel shape, pyloric sphincter to duodenum)

126
Q

Rugae

A

Folds/ridges on the stomach

127
Q

Stomach surface cells and walls

A

secrete mucus on surface, gastric pits in walls- parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells

128
Q

gastrin

A

G cells, acts on stomach secretion, small intestine (muscle contraction), large intestine (mass movements)

129
Q

Ghrelin

A

mucosa, from hypothalamus- hunger/saiety

130
Q

somatostatin

A

mucosa and duodenum- acts on stomach and pancreas (decreases secretion) and small intestine (decreases Absorbtion and blood flow)

131
Q

3 phases of gastric secretion

A

Cephalic (reflex), gastric (food enters, stretch ,contract, secrete) intestinal- chyme into duodenum, duodenum full

132
Q

gastric mucosal barrier

A

Protects against autodigestion- secretes bicarbonate rich mucus, tight junctions keep fluid in

133
Q

Mechanical digestion in stomach

A

mixing waves, pylorus filter, gastric emptying

134
Q

Chemical digestion in stomach

A

Fundus- stores ingested food and gas, upon mixing acidity inactivates salivary amylase and activates lingual lipase, acid pepsin digests protein, intrinsic factor vitb12 is essential, full digestion takes 24-72 hours

135
Q

Mucous neck cells and chief cells

A

secrete thin mucus, secrete pepsinogen

136
Q

Parietal cells

A

Produce HCl and intrinsic factor- essential for vitamin b12 Absorbtion

137
Q

Zymogen - chief cells are zymogenic cells

A

proenzyme

138
Q

Small intestine

A

Primary digestive and absorption organ , large surface area

139
Q

Duodenum

A

Shortest, starts at pyloric sphincter- has sphincter of Oddi- keeps duodenum from leaking

140
Q

Primary role of pancreatic polypeptide

A

Modulate digestion of food by inhibition of gastric emptying as well as biliary secretion

141
Q

Extrinsic innervation of the small intestine

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

142
Q

3 unique features of small intestine mucosa

A

Circular folds, villi, microvilli

143
Q

Villi

A

Enterocytes, blood supply, lymph supply, lacteal

144
Q

Microvilli

A

Microfilaments, brush border, anchored enzymes

145
Q

Incretins

A

stimulate insulin secretion

146
Q

G cells

A

secrete intestinal gastrin

147
Q

I cells

A

secrete cholecystokinin- relases pancreatic juice and bile

148
Q

K cells

A

Secrete glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide- releases insulin

149
Q

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

A

In lamina propria, lymph nodes

150
Q

Mechanical digestion in small intestine

A

Segmentation, peristalsis (triggered by motilin, continue to ileocecal sphincter), gastroileal reflex (gastrin stimulated)

Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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