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BIO 111: General Biology I > 3: Biological Macromolecules > Flashcards

3: Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

type of secondary protein structure formed by folding the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure

A

alpha-helix structure (α-helix)

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2
Q

a protein’s monomer; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 common amino acids

A

amino acid

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3
Q

secondary structure in proteins in which hydrogen bonding forms “pleats” between atoms on the polypeptide chain’s backbone

A

beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated)

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4
Q

large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules

A

biological macromolecule

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5
Q

biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form arthropods’ cellular exoskeleton

A

carbohydrate

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6
Q

polysaccharide that comprises the plants’ cell wall; provides structural support to the cell

A

cellulose

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7
Q

(AKA chaperonin) protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process

A

chaperone

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8
Q

type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms fungi cell walls

A

chitin

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9
Q

(also, condensation) reaction that links monomer molecules, releasing a water molecule for each bond formed

A

dehydration synthesis

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10
Q

loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure

A

denaturation

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11
Q

double-helical molecule that carries the cell’s hereditary information

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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12
Q

two sugar monomers that a glycosidic bond links

A

disaccharide

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13
Q

catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein

A

enzyme

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14
Q

storage carbohydrate in animals

A

glycogen

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15
Q

bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides with eliminating a water molecule

A

glycosidic bond

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16
Q

chemical signaling molecule, usually protein or steroid, secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes

A

hormone

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17
Q

reaction that causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules by utilizing water

A

hydrolysis

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18
Q

macromolecule that is nonpolar and insoluble in water

A

lipid

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19
Q

RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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20
Q

smallest unit of larger molecules that are polymers

A

monomer

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21
Q

single unit or monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide

22
Q

biological macromolecule that carries the cell’s genetic blueprint and carries instructions for the cell’s functioning

A

nucleic acid

23
Q

monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base

A

nucleotide

24
Q

type of polyunsaturated fat that the body
requires; numbering the carbon omega starts from the methyl end or the end that is farthest from the carboxylic end

A

omega fat

25
Q

bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction

A

peptide bond

26
Q

covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains with a phosphate group linking neighboring nucleotides’ two pentose sugars

A

phosphodiester linkage

27
Q

membranes’ major constituent; comprised of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group attached to a glycerol backbone

A

phospholipid

28
Q

chain of monomer residues that covalent bonds link; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation

A

polymer

29
Q

long chain of nucleotides

A

polynucleotide

30
Q

long chain of amino acids that peptide bonds link

A

polypeptide

31
Q

long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched

A

polysaccharide

32
Q

linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

A

primary structure

33
Q

biological macromolecule comprised of one or more amino acid chains

A

protein

34
Q

type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines

A

purine

35
Q

type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines

A

pyrimidine

36
Q

association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein

A

quaternary structure

37
Q

single-stranded, often internally base paired, molecule that is involved in protein synthesis

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

38
Q

RNA that ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes forming the peptide linkage

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

39
Q

long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

A

saturated fatty acid

40
Q

regular structure that proteins form by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of another amino acid residue

A

secondary structure

41
Q

storage carbohydrate in plants

A

starch

42
Q

type of lipid comprised of four fused hydrocarbon rings forming a planar structure

A

steroid

43
Q

a protein’s three-dimensional
conformation, including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains

A

tertiary structure

44
Q

fat formed artificially by hydrogenating oils, leading to a different arrangement of double bond(s) than those in naturally occurring lipids

A

trans fat

45
Q

process through which messenger RNA forms on a template of DNA

A

transcription

46
Q

RNA that carries activated amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

47
Q

process through which RNA directs the
protein’s formation

A

translation

48
Q

fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

A

triacylglycerol / triglyceride

49
Q

long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

A

unsaturated fatty acid

50
Q

lipid comprised of a long-chain fatty acid that is esterified to a long-chain alcohol; serves as a protective coating on some feathers, aquatic mammal fur, and leaves

A

wax

BIO 111: General Biology I (15 decks)

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