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BIO 111: General Biology I > 4: Cell Structure > Flashcards

4: Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

rigid cell covering comprised of various molecules that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell

A

cell wall

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2
Q

large plant cell organelle that regulates the cell’s storage compartment, holds water, and plays a significant role in cell growth as the site of macromolecule degradation

A

central vacuole

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3
Q

region in animal cells made of two centrioles that serves as an organizing center for microtubules

A

centrosome

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4
Q

green pigment that captures the light energy that drives the light reactions of photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

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5
Q

plant cell organelle that carries out
photosynthesis

A

chloroplast

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6
Q

protein-DNA complex that serves as the
chromosomes’ building material

A

chromatin

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7
Q

structure within the nucleus that comprises chromatin that contains DNA, the hereditary material

A

chromosome

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8
Q

short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and functions to move an entire cell or move substances along the cell’s outer surface

A

cilium (pl. cilia)

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9
Q

entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

A

cytoplasm

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10
Q

protein fiber network that collectively maintains the cell’s shape, secures some organelles in specific positions, allows cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enables unicellular organisms to move independently

A

cytoskeleton

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11
Q

the cytoplasm’s gel-like material in which cell structures are suspended

A

cytosol

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12
Q

linkages between adjacent epithelial cells that form when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments

A

desmosome

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13
Q

an instrument that magnifies an object using an electron beam that passes and bends through a lens system to visualize a specimen

A

electron microscope

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14
Q

group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins

A

endomembrane system

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15
Q

series of interconnected membranous structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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16
Q

cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments or sacs

A

eukaryotic cell

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17
Q

material secreted from animal or fungal cells that provides mechanical protection and anchoring for the cells in the tissue

A

extracellular matrix

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18
Q

long, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane and moves the cell

A

flagellum (pl. flagella)

19
Q

channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ions, nutrients, and low molecular weight substances to pass between cells, enabling the cells to communicate

A

gap junction

20
Q

eukaryotic organelle comprised of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution

A

Golgi apparatus

21
Q

cytoskeletal component, comprised of several fibrous protein intertwined strands, that bears tension, supports cell-cell junctions, and anchors cells to extracellular structures

A

intermediate filament

22
Q

an instrument that magnifies an object using a beam of visible light that passes and bends through a lens system to visualize a specimen

A

light microscope

23
Q

organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles

A

lysosome

24
Q

the cytoskeleton system’s narrowest element; it provides rigidity and shape to the cell and enables cellular movements

A

microfilament

25
Q

an instrument that magnifies an object

A

microscope

26
Q

the cytoskeleton system’s widest element; it helps the cell resist compression, provides a track along which vesicles move through the cell, pulls replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell, and is the structural element of centrioles, flagella, and cilia

A

microtubule

27
Q

cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in producing ATP, the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule

A

mitochondria (sing. mitochondrion)

28
Q

double-membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus’ outermost portion

A

nuclear envelope

29
Q

central part of a prokaryotic cell’s central part where the chromosome is located

A

nucleoid

30
Q

darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling ribosome subunits

A

nucleolus

31
Q

semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus that contains the chromatin and nucleolus

A

nucleoplasm

32
Q

cell organelle that houses the cell’s DNA and directs ribosome and protein synthesis

A

nucleus

33
Q

compartment or sac within a cell

A

organelle

34
Q

small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poisons

A

peroxisome

35
Q

phospholipid bilayer with embedded (integral) or attached (peripheral) proteins, and separates the cell’s internal content from its surrounding environment

A

plasma membrane

36
Q

channel that passes between adjacent plant cells’ cell walls, connects their cytoplasm, and allows transporting of materials from cell to cell

A

plasmodesma (pl. plasmodesmata)

37
Q

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle

A

prokaryote

38
Q

cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis

A

ribosome

39
Q

region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification and phospholipid synthesis

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

40
Q

region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies certain chemicals (like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants), and stores calcium ions

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

41
Q

protein adherence that creates a firm seal between two adjacent animal cells

A

tight junction

42
Q

a biological concept that states that one or more cells comprise all organisms; the cell is the basic unit of life; and new cells arise from existing cells

A

unified cell theory

43
Q

membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, which functions in cellular storage and transport

A

vacuole

44
Q

small, membrane-bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport; its membrane is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

A

vesicle

BIO 111: General Biology I (15 decks)

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