Unit 3.1: Dispositional domain Flashcards

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1
Q

What are traits? (two basic formulations)

A

internal properties of people that cause behaviour
simple descriptions/ summaries of a person’s behaviour

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2
Q

Can traits be equated with external behaviour?

A

no, they are inner needs, impulses or desires
-> regarless of whether they’re expressed or not

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3
Q

What can traits (as internal properties) be useful for?

A

ruling out other causes of behaviour

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4
Q

What is the difference between traits as internal properties vs. descriptive summaries?

A

descriptive summaries:
no assumptions on internality or causality
behaviour as part of personality

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5
Q

Which 3 key elements to identify traits did the “act frequency formulation of traits” establish?

A
  1. Act nomination
  2. Prototypical judgement
  3. Recording act performance
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6
Q

What is the “Act frequency formulation of traits” often criticised for?

A

doesnt specify how much context is needed
only applicable to visible behaviours

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7
Q

What are the three fundamental approaches to identify the most important traits?

A

Lexical approach
Statistical approach
Theoretical approach

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8
Q

What is the starting point of the lexical approach? What are the criteria for it to work and what is a major problem?

A

lexical hypothesis: all individual differences encoded in natural language
criteria: synonym frequency and cross-cultural universality
problem: focuses on adjectives (doesnt account for other parts of speech)

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9
Q

When is the statistical approach applied and what is its use? Whats the most common type?

A

broad set of items gathered
-> approach applied by making people grade themselves
most common: factor analysis
useful to reduce wide range of adjectives into smaller sets

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10
Q

Factor analysis

A

identifies and groups items that covary

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11
Q

Why is the theoretical approach important?

A

theory determines which variables are important

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12
Q

PEN Model

A

by Eysenck
Psychoticism: aggressive, egocentric, antisocial, impulsive behaviours
Extraversion: sociable, high level of activity
Neuroticism: emotionally unstable, high reactivity to negative emotions, anxious

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13
Q

Hierarchical structure of the PEN model

A

Super traits
Traits
Habitual acts
Specific acts

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14
Q

What does the PEN model focus on?

A

heritability in the identifiable physiological substrate (structure)

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15
Q

What do Extraverion, Neuroticism and Psychoticism relate to on a physiological basis?

A

Extraversion: CNS arousal/ reactivity
Neuroticism: greater lability/ ability to change ANS
Psychoticism: higher testorsterone level and lower levels of the neurotransmitter inhibiting aminoacid MAO

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16
Q

What are limitations of the PEN model?

A

many other heritable traits
some traits may have been forgotten

17
Q

Which traits are included in the big 5 model?

A

Extraversion: honest, social, talkative, outgoing
Agreeableness: prosocial, empathetic, warm and understanding
Conscientiousness: reliable, hard working, punctual
Neuroticism: how we face stressors; worried, anxious, insecure
Openness/ intellect: interest in new experiences, creative, intellectual

18
Q

Who came up with the big 5 model?

A

McRae & Costa

19
Q

What did Ashon and Lee do and how did they thus expand the big 5 model?

A

lexical approach with more languages
honesty-humility: tendency to be fair and authentic, cooperative without reprisals
low scores: exploitative & manipulative