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a level biology OCR > Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

what structure is haemoglobin

A
  • 4 amino acid chains added together
  • quarternary
  • an iron ion prosthetic group (congugated)
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2
Q

How many oxygen molecules can Hb carry?

A

4 (8 oxygen atoms)

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3
Q

oxygen +haemoglibin

A

oxyhaemoglibin

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4
Q

An S shaped graph curve?

A

Sigmoid

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5
Q

What is a sigmoid curve not

A

directly proportional

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6
Q

How and why does Haemoglobin change shape?

A
  • The confirmation changes with more oxygen molecules
  • This changes its ability to associate with further oxygen molecules.
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7
Q

How easy is it for the 02 molecule to attatch?

A
  • the first one is hard
  • the second and third are easily associated with haemoglobin.
  • the 4th oxygen molecule finds it hard to associate because of the limited space. This is why the line plateaus
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8
Q

Partial Pressure Of Oxygen (Kpa)

A

a measure of the concentration if 02.

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9
Q

Fetal haemoglobin affinity?

A

Has stronger affinity to oxygen molecules.

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10
Q

Placenta?

A

Oxygen in mothers blood diffuses into foetus blood.

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11
Q

H+ ions bind to haemoglobin to create?

A

Haemoglobinic acid

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12
Q

Fetal Hb - Sugmoidal curve

A

shift to the left

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13
Q

What is Myoglobin?

A

A different kind of oxygen binding molecule.

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14
Q

Where is Myoglobin?

A

Found in skeletal muscles because they need more oxygen for respiration.

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15
Q

Myoglobin affinity?

A

Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin.

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16
Q

Myoglobin - how is oxygen disassociated?

A

After haemoglobin dissociates, Myoglobin dissociates gradually.

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17
Q

Myoglobin - Sigmoidal curve

A

Shifts to the left

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18
Q

percentage distribution of CO2 transport?

A

5% absorbed in plasma
10% binds to haemoglobin creating carbaminohemaglobin
85% CO2 dissolved into carbonic acid

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19
Q

CO2 + H2O =

A

H2CO3 carbonic acid

20
Q

what does carbonic acid do?

A

dissociate = H+ HCO3-

21
Q

What enzyme catalyses the reaction that makes carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

22
Q

where do hydrogen carbonate ions go?

A

they diffuse from the erythrocyte into the plasma.

23
Q

What do the dissociated H+ ions do?

A

They compete with oxygen for haemoglobin, causing oxygen to dissociate and reach respiring cells.

They bind to Hb to make haemoglobinic acid.

24
Q

What do Cl- ions do?

A

They balance out the H+ ions that dissociated.

This is called chloride shift

25
Q

explain the Bohr effect?

A

As CO2 concentration increases, more O2 dissociates.
Haemoglobin less saturated.
Sigmoidal curve shifts right.

26
Q

Structure of a red blood cell

A

Biconcave
no nucleus=more room for O²

27
Q

Why do larger organisms need a circulatory system?

A
  • small SA:V ratio
  • high metabolic rate
28
Q

How does CO2 leave the lungs (chemical process)

A
  • at lung tissue, HCO3- ions move into erythrocytes.
  • reacts with H+ ions
  • carbonic acid formed
  • this broken down by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water.
  • chloride ions move out of erythrocytes.
29
Q

How does haemoglobin play a role in the reaction to form CO2 at the lungs?

A

acts as a buffer. absorbs extra H+ ions forming haemoglobinic acid.

30
Q

When one o2 molecules bind, its easier for more to bind…

A

positive cooperativity

31
Q

Positive cooperativity

A

when one molecule of O2 binds it makes it easier for the other mollecules to associate

32
Q

where do lymphocytes build up?

A

lymph node

33
Q

what happens at lymph node?

A

lymphocytes build up

34
Q

What is present in lymph and why?

A

fatty acids - absorbed into lymph from villi in small intestines.

35
Q

How is fluid transported in larger lymph vessels

A

squeezing of the body muscles.

36
Q

What structure is present in lymph vessels?

A

valves

37
Q

Where does lymph return to blood?

A

Right and left subclavian veins

38
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle in the arterioles?

A

can dialate and constrict to control the volume of blood to individual organs.

39
Q

why do arterioles have more smooth muscle?

A

to control bloodflow to capiliary beds

40
Q

Name the dialation and constriction of arterioles…

A

vasodilation and vasoconstriction

41
Q

Elastic fibres in artery walls…

A

recoil in between heart contractions and help to “even out surges of blood”

42
Q

veins dont have a p…

A

pulseee

43
Q

largest componants of veins vs arteries

A

veins: collagen
arteries: elastic fibres

44
Q

What does haemolymph do?

A
  • it does not transport 0² and C0²
  • it transports food
  • it transports nitrogenous waste products
  • it carries cells involved in disease defence
45
Q

Where is the heart on a cute tiny insect?

A

along the thorax and abdomen

a level biology OCR (16 decks)

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