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a level biology OCR > Communicable Diseases and Immunity > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what do bacteria not have (prokaryote specific)

A

Membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

Examples of bacterium

A

TB, Meningitis, Ring Rot

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3
Q

How does bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission

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4
Q

How do we stain bacterium?

A

gram staining

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5
Q

what does gram staining show?

A

The type of cell wall that the bacterium has.
Gram negative or gram positive.

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6
Q

What are the results for gram staining?

A

Gram negative - red
Gram positive - blue purple (like MRSA)

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7
Q

Why is gram staining useful?

A

To see the type of cell walll because the type of cell wall affects what antibiotics are used.

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8
Q

How does bacteria affect body cells?

A

Produces toxins and/or kills the cell.

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9
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that infect bacterium.

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10
Q

are viruses smaller than bacterium? by how much?

A

yes, by 50 times.

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11
Q

Name the basic structure of a virus?

A

some genetic material (can be RNA or DNA) surrounded by proteins

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12
Q

List Viruses

A
  • HIV
  • Rhinovirus
  • herpes
  • influenza
  • tobacco mosaic virus
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13
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A

Viral genetic information takes over “biochemistry” host cell and producing replicas.

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14
Q

How do viruses evolve?

A

By making adaptations to the host cell.

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15
Q

How can bacteriophages be used?

A

To identify and treat bacteria related diseases

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16
Q

What are the bits on the outside of viruses called?

A

spike proteins

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17
Q

Explain the viral reproduction process in host cells… (5 points)

A
  1. virus attatches to outside of host cell.
  2. virus inserts viral nucleic acid (RNA or DNA)
  3. viral nucleic acids replicated
  4. If viral nucleic acid is RNA, viral proteins will be synthesised
  5. lysis, toxic products
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18
Q

What are protists?

A

Eukaryotes

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19
Q

what are protists found as?

A

Single celled organisms and colonies of cells

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20
Q

What is special about protists?

A

They are parasitic and often use host vectors and sometimes through water.

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21
Q

Where do pathogenic fungi often live live on mammals?

A

Between layers of skin

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22
Q

Fungal projections…

A

hyphae

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23
Q

Fungi animals vs plants…

A

Cause more devistation in plants

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24
Q

In which domain do fungi belong?

A

Eukarya / eukaryotic

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25
Q

How do fungi digest their food?

A

extracellularly

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26
Q

Fungi that feed on dead and decaying matter…

A

saprophytes

27
Q

Fungi that feed on living matter…

A

parasites

28
Q

What can bacterial toxins do to cells? 3 points

A
  • damage membrane
  • inactivate or damage enzymes
  • interfere with host cells’ genetic information.
29
Q

Death distribution per year…

A
  • 23% communicable diseases
  • 68% non-communicable
  • 9% injury
30
Q

cause of potato blight

A

fungus- like protist oomycete

31
Q

cause of black sigatoka

A

fungus

32
Q

cause of ring rot

A

bacterium

33
Q

What does TB do?

A

Damage and destroy lung tissue, supress immune system.

34
Q

What does bacterial meningitis cause?

A
  • infection of the meninges of the brain (protective layers on the outside of the brain)
  • septicemia
35
Q

What cells does HIV target?

A

T- helper cells

36
Q

How do mosquitoes transmit malaria? 3 points

A
  • vector
  • plasmodium present in salivery gland
  • transfer paritite from mosquito to human blood upon injection
37
Q

What do viruses do to cells?

A

take over the cell metabolism

38
Q

what do protoctista

A

take over cells and break them as a new generation emerges.
Dont take over the genetic information.
digests cell contents.

39
Q

what do fungi do?

A

digest living cells

40
Q

what do bacterium do?

A

toxins that damage cell membranes, deactivate enzymes or damage genetic material so host cells can not divide.

41
Q

name of TB bacterium

A

myobacterium tuberculosis

42
Q

a disease that can spread from animal to humans?

A

zoonotic disease

43
Q

Transmission of pathogens between animals and animals (6)

A
  • innoculation
  • fomites
  • droplet infection
  • vectors
  • ingestion
  • direct contact
44
Q

direct transmission

A
  • innoculation
  • ingestion
  • direct contact
45
Q

Innoculation

A

through breaks in the skin

46
Q

direct contact

A

from skin to skin contact

47
Q

ingestion

A

eating or drinking contaminated substances

48
Q

fomites

A

equipment and inanimate objects

49
Q

droplet infections

A

pathogens expelled via minute droplets of saliva and mucus

50
Q

vectors- animal

A

disease carried from one host to another. can be an animal or water.

51
Q

factors affecting animal disease

A
  • overcrowding
  • poor nutrition
  • poor waste disposal
  • climate change
  • socioeconomic factors like lack of trained health workers
52
Q

transmission between plants- direct

A

direct contact with an infected plant.

53
Q

Transmission between plants- indirect

A

contaminated soil and vectors ( wind, water, animals and humans)
an example would be contaminated pollen.

54
Q

factors affecting transmission in plants

A
  • overcrowding
  • poor mineral nutrition
  • damp warm conditions
  • planting disease susceptible crops
55
Q

How do plant cells recognise attack?

A
  • receptors in cells respond to molecules sent by pathogens or to chemicals produced when the plant wall is attacked.
56
Q

How do plant cells respond to attacks

A

signalling molecule is released.
It switches on genes in the nucleaus that causes a cellular response.

57
Q

3 cellular responses that plant cells produce when being attacked by pathogens

A

produces defensive chemicals

sending alarm signals to neighbouring uninfected cells

physically strengthening cell walls

58
Q

how does a plant cell physically strengthen its walls?

A

Deposits callose between cell wall and cell membrane, in plasmodesmata and sieve plates

beta 1,3 and 1,6 linkages

lignin is also added

59
Q

plants do not …

A

repair damaged cells

60
Q

some defence molecules…

A

directly target pathogens

61
Q

list chemical defences

A
  • insect repellants
  • antigungal compounds
  • antibacterial compounds
  • imsecticides
62
Q

list 2 insect repellents

A
  • citronella
  • pine resin
63
Q

List 2 insecticides

A
  • caffeine
  • pyrethins
64
Q

list 2 antibacterial and anti fungal compounds

A
  • phenols
  • saponins

a level biology OCR (16 decks)

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