Chapter 4: Prokaryotes

Question 1

Domains of Life:
1. ________
2. ________
3. ________

only 2 are prokaryotes:
________ & ________

Answer 1

1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. eukarya

Bacteria & archaea

Question 2

Prokaryotes
Both bacteria and archaea fall under this category. **________ is NOT a domain!

Prokaryote synapomorphies:
1. ___________
2. No ___________

Other characteristics:
-_______ celled
-cell wall
-_______ reproduction
-smaller than eukaryotes

Answer 2

-prokaryote

-no nucleus
-no membrane-bound organelles

-single
-asexual

Question 3

Archaea
**Live in extreme environments (extremophiles)
-Not known to be ____________(does not make us sick)

Examples:
-Halophiles: live in extremely ______ places (Dead Sea)
-Thermophiles: live in __________ places (hot springs)
-Methanogens: live in gastrointestinal tracts of animals and aid in _____________ (low oxygen)

Answer 3

-pathogenic
-salty
-very hot
-digestion

Question 4

Bacteria
-can be both __________ and ___________ to humans
-bad bacteria can cause infections, make us sick, and can even kill us
ex. strep throat, urinary tract infections, bacterial food poisoning, chlamydia, gonorrhea
-good bacteria can found in:
-foods like yogurt, cheese, beer, and bread
-__________ where they help us break down food

Answer 4

-harmful
-beneficial
-intestines

Question 5

How to ID Bacteria
Gram Stain: differentiate between _________________ bacteria
-use 2 types of stains (a violet and a red one)
Gram + Bacteria:
-appear _________
-more peptidoglycan in cell wall
-______ cell wall

Gram - Bacteria:
-appear ________
-_____ cell wall (less peptidoglycan)
-__________________ outside cell wall
*_______ threatening as bacteria

Answer 5

-gram + and gram -
-purple
-thick
-pink/reddish
-thin
-extra membrane
-MORE

Question 6

How to ID bacteria
Bacteria shapes:
1. Coccus/Cocci (_____________)
2. Bacillus/ Bacilli (_____________)
3. Spirillus/Spirilli (_____________)
*singular/plural (shape)

Answer 6

-round, spherical
-rod, stafflike
-spiral, corkscrew

Question 7

How to ID bacteria
Bacteria shapes:
Can form clusters or groups:
-_________- grouped into clusters
-_________- grouped into chains

Answer 7

-staphylo
-strepto

Question 8

Symbiosis

_________- an intimate relationship between organisms of different species

Examples of __________ symbiotic relationships between bacteria and other species:
-Human intestines and bacteria- some bacteria feed on undigested food to synthesize __________ (benefits human host)
-____________ digesting bacteria and cow digestive tract- allows cows to survive on only grass diet
-Legume plants (peas, soybeans, and clover) for root nodules for Rhizobium bacteria- these bacteria can convert nitrogen gas (N2) from atmosphere into ammonia (NH3), which is a very important ______ for plants

Answer 8

-symbiosis
-mutualistic
-vitamins B12 & K
-cellulose
-nutrient