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Bio Lab 154 > Chapter 8&9: Fleshy Fruits & Vegetative Structures of Plants & Diversity of Leaves > Flashcards

Chapter 8&9: Fleshy Fruits & Vegetative Structures of Plants & Diversity of Leaves Flashcards

1
Q

What is a fruit?
- A fruit is a ripened, mature ________ of a flower usually encasing seeds
- sometimes the ________ contributes to the fruits
-example of ___________ fruits: apple, pear, strawberry

A

ovary

receptacle

accessory

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2
Q

Fruit Anatomy
-___________(pericarp) develops into _________
-3 layers of pericarp:
1. exocarp
2. mesocarp
3. endocarp

A

ovary wall

fruit

exo- peel
meso- flesh
endo- core/seed

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3
Q

Fruit Type
-Simple
-Fruit develops from ________ ovary
-sometimes that equals a _________
ex. peach
-sometimes its __________ seeds
ex. tomato

A

single
single seed
multiple

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4
Q

Fruit Type
-Compound:
-develops from __________
-aggregate: multiple ovaries, ______________(ex. blackberries
-multiple: multiple ovaries of __________ flowers (ex. pineapple)

A

mult ovaries (1 flower, mult ovaries)
1 flower (blackberries)
multiple (pineapples)

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5
Q

Fruit vs. Vegetable
-does it have ______________?
- then its a _____________
-are you eating a reproductive structure or something that came from a reproductive structure?
-then its a ________________
-are you eating a non-reproductive structure? (leaves, stem, root)
then its a ____________

A

seeds
fruit
fruit
vegetable

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6
Q

Purpose of fruits
-much like flower shape, color and odor were designed for ___________
-fruit shape, texture, flavor, etc. is designed for _____________

A

pollinators
seed dispersal & seed protection

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7
Q

Examples of Seed Dispersal
_____________: typically dispersed by animals (eg birds, mammals)

A

fleshy

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8
Q

Examples of Seed Dispersal
____________: Typically dispersed on animals

A

dry fruits

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9
Q

Examples of Seed Dispersal
Nut: single seed covered by a hard shell (often dispersed by both water & animals)

A
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10
Q

Examples of Seed Dispersal
Dry fruit
Samara: dry fruit with a flat, wing like outgrowth (wind dispersed)

Dry fruit: (splits open to reveal down-covered seeds [wind]

A
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11
Q

Plant Vegetative Structures
-Leaves
-site of _______________
-Stems
-support and transport of ________________
-Roots
-anchor plant
-absorption of ___________ and nutrients
-___________________-
^^(all):
-variable functions
*all non-reproductive
-if eaten, we classify these as vegetables

A

photosynthesis
water/nutrients
water
storage

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12
Q

Plant Growth
-plants grow in ________ directions
- in width
-in height/length
-growth occurs at specialized structures called ____________
-_____________=apical meristems (roots)
-this is the __________ growth
-_____________= lateral meristems
-this is _____________ growth

A

2
meristems
height/length
primary
width
secondary

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13
Q

Plant Growth
-increase in length/height
-occurs on _________ and ___________
-increase in width
-occurs only on __________

A

stems and roots

stems

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14
Q

Leaf Anatomy
-layers on a leaf
1. epidermis (_______ most layer)
-upper and lower
2. mesophyll
-(____________)

A

outer
inner

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15
Q

Leaf Anatomy- Epidermis
Structures within epidermis
Cuticle:
-_______________, covering
-helps maintain ________________
-varies in thickness between plants
-ex. magnolia leaves are very waxy with thick cuticles (ie very _________)

A

outer, waxy
water balance
shiny

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16
Q

Leaf Anatomy- Epidermis
Structures within the epidermis
-Stomata
-___________ in the epidermis
-control entry and exit of __________ and ___________
-Guard Cells
-control the opening and closing of _____________

A

pores
gases and water
stomata

17
Q

Epidermis - Stomata Adaptations
If stomata allow water to leave the plant how do plants in dry environments keep from losing too much water?
-some plants only have stomata on __________ of the
-not exposed to as much _______ which __________
-some plants only keep stomata opening during certain times
-ex. __________________
-stomata only open at ________ when the air is more moist reducing evaporation
-stomata closed during the ___________ when air is dry and risk of evaporation of water is high

A

underside
sunlight which reduce evaporation
CAM plants (only open @ night)
night
day

(succulents, cactus, pineapple)

18
Q

Leaf Anatomy- Mesophyll
Mesophyll (innermost layer)
3 layers:
1. Palisade cells
-uppermost 1-3 layers
-main site of ____________
2. Spongy cells
-underneath palisade
-facilitate _________ exchange
3. vascular bundle cells
-xylem: carry _________
-phloem: carry __________-
xylem and phloem are visible on surface of leaf jfdjskl

A

photosynthesis
gas
H2O, minerals
sugars

19
Q

Leaf Terminology
1. _______________
-simple
-compound
-palmate
-pinnate
2. Leaf ____________
-opposite
-alternate
-whorled
3. _______________
-parallel
-arcuate
-net-veined
-palmate
-pinnate

A

leaf type

arrangement

venation

20
Q

Leaf Terminology - Type
-Simple: ____________/ blade attached to the __________-
-Compound: more than 1 leaf/blade attached to the petiole

What is a petiole?

A

1 leaf/ blade
petiole

21
Q

Leaf Terminology - Type
Petiole:
-connection to _____________
-the location of ___________

So to determine what is the petiole:
-locate the axillary buds
-the bud tells you that where the stem connects to the petiole

A

the stem
axillary buds

22
Q

Sessile Plants
_________ petioles
- direct stem attachment

A

no

23
Q

Stem v Petiole?
Look for _________
-tells you what is stem and what is petiole
-only form at ____________
-not at base of leaflets
-node: where petiole ______________

Then count how many blades are attached to petiole
-____________=simple
-____________= compound

A

axillary buds
base of petiole
attaches to stem
1
more than 1

24
Q

Leaf Terminology- type: simple
1 leaf/blade attached to the petiole =______________

A

simple

25
Q

Leaf Terminology- Type: compound
More than 1 leaf/blade attached to the petiole =_____________

A

compound

26
Q

Leaf Terminology - Compound
Types of compound leaves:
-palmate- like the palm of your hand
-pinnate (paired)

*anytime you classify a leaf as compound you ALSO need to say if it is a palmate or pinnate

A
27
Q

*Leaf Terminology- Arrangement

Arrangement is determined by how petioles are attached to stem
-alternate
-opposite
-whorled

A
28
Q

Leaf Terminology- Arrangement
Don’t get fooled and assume that arrangement is about leaves. It is about petioles!
1. Locate axillary buds
2. Determine what is petiole
3. How are petioles arranged?

A
29
Q

Leaf Venation
Arrangement of the vascular bundles
-net veined:
pinnate and palmate net
-arcuate
-parallel

A

Bio Lab 154 (10 decks)

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