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UKMLA Prep > cancer > Flashcards

cancer Flashcards

Presentation and conditions

1
Q

SCLC- other syndromes associated with

A

S- SIADH
C- Cushing syndrome
L- Lambert-Eaton myasthenia syndrome (LEMS)
C- Calciaemia (Hypercalcemia)

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2
Q

Which tumour markers assessed for testicular cancer.

A
  • AFP
  • B-Hcg
  • LDH
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3
Q

Spinal cord compression first line investigation

A

MRI

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4
Q

AFP

A
  • fetal serum protein that becomes undetectable after birth
  • frequently used for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
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5
Q

Conditions where AFP is raised

A

GI cancer
Lung cancer
Pregnancy
Germ cell tumours

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6
Q

Clinical presentation of Hepatocellular carcinoma

A
  • abdominal pain
  • weight loss
  • Jaundice
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7
Q

Gastro-intestinal cancer presentation

A

Persistent abdominal pain
Unexplained weight loss
Change in bowel habit

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8
Q

Metastatic lung cancer presentation

A

persistent cough, breathlessness, unexplained weight loss, fatigue

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9
Q

AFP and pregnancy

A

AFP levels are typically higher in pregnancy, with significantly elevated levels potentially indicative of fetal neural tube defects

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10
Q

Germ cell tumour presentation

A

palpable mass
testicular pain or discomfort
gynecomastia in men
irregular menstruation or vaginal bleeding in women

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11
Q

Clinical features of head and neck cancers

A
  • Dysphagia
  • Odynophagia
  • Dysphonia
  • ALARM symptoms (tiredness, unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite)
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Airway compromise (stridor)
  • Bad breath (halitosis)
  • Focal neurology (VII cranial nerve palsy)
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12
Q

Head and neck cancer investigations

A
  • CT, MRI, PET scans
  • Endoscopy to visualise tumour
  • Biopsy and histological subtype of cancer
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13
Q

Management of head and neck cancer

A
  • Surgery: To remove the tumor and regional lymph nodes if necessary.
  • Radiotherapy: Can be used as a primary treatment, adjuvant therapy, or for palliation.
  • Chemotherapy: Used in combination with radiotherapy for locally advanced disease or as palliative treatment for metastatic disease.
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14
Q

Tumour lysis syndrome

A

*Lethal metabolic condition
* Rapid death of tumour cells in response to chemo
* Results in massive release of intracellular contents in bloodstream
* Results in significant electrolyte imbalance

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15
Q

Epidemiology of TLS

A

acute leukaemia and high-grade lymphomas, particularly after the initiation of cytotoxic therapy.

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16
Q

Signs and symptoms of Tumour Lysis syndrome

A
  • Dysuria or oliguria
  • Abdominal pain
  • Weakness
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Muscle cramps
  • Seizures
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Gout/joint swelling
17
Q

Tumor lysis syndrome investigations

A

U&E: Potassium and phosphate are usually raised, raised Cr suggestive of AKI/renal failure.
Calcium: Typically low in tumour lysis syndrome.
Uric acid: Usually elevated.
ECG: To identify any metabolic abnormalities such as hyperkalaemia that may precipitate life-threatening arrhythmias.

18
Q

Management of tumor lysis syndrome

A
  • correct electrolyte imbalances
  • administer IV fluids (flush out intracellular content)
  • Rasburicase
19
Q

Prevention of TLS

A
  • combination of hydration and allopurinol.
  • Rasburicase
20
Q

Colorectal cancer

A
  • uncontrolled cell growth in the lining of the colon or rectum
  • may start as benign polyps
21
Q

Strong risk factors of colorectal cancer

A

Increasing age
Hereditary syndromes
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch Syndrome)
Juvenile polyposis
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Increased alcohol intake
Smoking tobacco
Processed meat
Obesity
Previous exposure to radiation
Inflammatory bowel disease

22
Q

Weak risk factors of colorectal cancer

A

Lack of dietary fibre
Limited physical activity
Asbestos exposure
Red meat (non-processed)

23
Q

Signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer

A

*rectal bleeding
* unexplained weight loss
* change in bowel habit
* Abdominal pain
* Iron-deficiency anaemia
* Bowel obstruction

24
Q

Colorectal cancer screening

A

Faecal immunochemical test (FIT) every 2 years for men and women age 60-74. If positive patients are referred for colonoscopy.

One-off flexible sigmoidoscopy has now been discontinued.

UKMLA Prep (32 decks)

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