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PMLS > PMLS LEC2 > Flashcards

PMLS LEC2 Flashcards

1
Q

Circulates blood throughout the body

A

HEART

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2
Q

Heart is located in the

A

center of the thoracic
cavity

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3
Q

Four-chambered, hollow, muscular
organ

A

HEART

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4
Q

HEART Surrounded by a sac called

A

pericardium

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5
Q

LAYERS

A

EPICARDIUM
MYOCARDIUM
ENDOCARDIUM

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6
Q

outer layer of the heart

A

epicardium

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7
Q

middle layer of the heart

A

myocardium

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8
Q

inner layer of the heart

A

endocardium

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9
Q

Thin, serous watery membrane that is continuous with the lining of the pericardium

A

Epicardium

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10
Q

Thick layer of cardiac muscle

A

Myocardium

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11
Q

Thin layer of epithelial cells that is continuous with the lining of the blood vessels

A

endocardium

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12
Q

Covers the heart and attaches to the pencardium

A

epicardium

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13
Q

contracts to pump blood into the arteries

A

myocardium

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14
Q

Lines
the interior chambers and valves

A

endocardium

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15
Q

CHAMBERS

A

Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle

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16
Q

Received (deoxygenated blood via Superior and Inferior vena cava.

A

Right Atrium

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17
Q

right atrium receives deoxygenated blood via

A

superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

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18
Q

Pumps into right ventricle

A

right atrium

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19
Q

Receives blood from right atrium

A

right ventricle

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20
Q

Pumps into pulmonary artery

A

right ventricle

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21
Q

carries to lungs for oxygenation

A

right ventricle

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22
Q

Receives oxygenated blood via pulmonary veins

A

Left Atrium

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23
Q

Pumps into left ventricle

A

Left Atrium

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24
Q

Receives blood from left atrium

A

Left Ventricle

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25
Q

Pumps into aorta

A

Left Ventricle

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26
Q

Walls are 3xIns thick

A

Left Ventricle

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27
Q

Pump into arterial system

A

Left Ventricle

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28
Q

VALVES

A

Right AV Valve (Tricuspid)
Left AV valve (Bicuspid or Mitral)

Right semilunar valve
(Pulmonary or Pulmonic)

Left semilunar valve
(Aortic Valve)

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29
Q

Closes when the right ventrice contrac

A

Right AV valve (Tricuspid

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30
Q

Prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium

A

Right AV valve (Tricuspid)

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31
Q

Closes when the left ventricle contracts and prevents blood
from flowing back into the lelt atrium.

A

Left AV valve (Bicuspid or
Mitral)

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32
Q

Closes when the right ventricle relaxes, and prevents
blood from flowing back into the right ventrice

A

Right semilunar valve
(Pulmonary or Pulmonic)

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33
Q

Closes when the left ventricle relaxes and prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle

A

Left semilunar valve
(Aortic Valve)

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34
Q

Right AV valve (Tricuspid) Location

A

Between right atrium and ventricle

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35
Q

Right AV valve (Tricuspid) Cusps

A

3 cusps (flaps)

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36
Q

Left AV valve (Bicuspid or
Mitral) Location

A

Between the left atrium and ventricle

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37
Q

Left AV valve (Bicuspid or
Mitral) Cusps

A

2 cusps

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38
Q

Right semilunar valve
(Pulmonary or Pulmonic) Location

A

At the entrance to the pulmonary artery

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39
Q

Right semilunar valve
(Pulmonary or Pulmonic) cusps

A

3 half moon shaped cusps

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40
Q

Left semilunar valve
(Aortic Valve) cusps

A

3 half moon shaped cusps

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41
Q

Left semilunar valve
(Aortic Valve)

A

At the entrance to the aorta

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42
Q

Flow of blood within the heart muscle

A

Coronary Circulation

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43
Q

Doesn’t receive nourishment/oxygen from blood
passing through chambers

A

Coronary Circulation

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44
Q

Receives oxygen via left & right coronary arteries

A

Coronary Circulation

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45
Q

Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart
muscle

A

Angina

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46
Q

Caused by narrowing, obstruction or spasm of
the coronary arteries

A

Angina

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47
Q

buildup of waxy substance called plaque

A

Atherosclerosis

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48
Q

waxy substance

A

plaque

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49
Q

severe narrowing of coronary arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

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50
Q

reduce blood flow to the heart muscle

A

Atherosclerosis

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51
Q

Partial obstruction of a coronary artery

A

Heart Attack

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52
Q

•Unable to meet oxygen need resulting to
“myocardial ischemia”

A

Heart Attack

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53
Q

•Complete obstruction can lead to “myocardial
infarction”

A

Heart Attack

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54
Q

•Unable to meet oxygen need resulting to

A

“myocardial ischemia”

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55
Q

•Complete obstruction can lead to

A

“myocardial
infarction”

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56
Q

Heart’s contractions must be synchronized
(coordinated)

A

Electrical Conduction System

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57
Q

Achieved by means of specialized muscle cells

A

Electrical Conduction System

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58
Q

Initiated by electrical impulse generated from
“sinoatrial node (SA)” /pacemaker

A

Electrical Conduction System

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59
Q

Initiated by electrical impulse generated from

A

sinoatrial node (SA)” /pacemaker

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60
Q

Begins the heartbeat by generating the electrical pulse that travels through the musces of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously and push blood through the atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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61
Q

Sincatrial (SA) node Location

A

Upper wall of the right
Sincatrial (SA) node
atrium

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62
Q

Relay the impulse to the AV node

A

Internodal pathway fibers

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63
Q

Internodal pathway fibers location

A

Wall of the right atrium

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64
Q

Picks up the impulse, slows it down while the atria finish contracting, and then relays it through the AV bundle (bundle of His)

A

AV node

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65
Q

AV node location

A

Bottom of the right atrium in the interatrial septum

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66
Q

Relays impulse throughout the ventricular walls by means of bundle branches and Purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to
AV bundle (Bundle of His)
Top of the interventricular septum
contract, forcing blood through the semilunar valves; both atria and ventrices relax briefly before the entire cycle starts again

A

AV bundle (Bundle of His)

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67
Q

AV bundle (Bundle of His) location

A

Top of the interventricular septum

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68
Q

Graphic record of heart’s electrical activity

A

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG/EKG)

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69
Q

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG/EKG) produced by an

A

electrograph

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70
Q

are recorded as waves

A

Electrical impulses

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71
Q

activity of atria ; first wave

A

P

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72
Q

collection of three waves

A

QRS

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73
Q

activity of ventricles

A

T

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74
Q

number of heartbeats per minute

A

Heart Rate

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75
Q

Adult Heart Rate

A

Ave. 72 bpm

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76
Q

irregularity in heart rate

A

Arrhythmia

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77
Q

is a slower than normal heart rate

A

Bradycardia

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78
Q

Bradycardia bpm

A

<60

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79
Q

is the medical term for a heart rate over 100 beats a minute/heart rate that’s too fast

A

Tachycardia

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80
Q

Tachycardia bpm

A

> 100 bpm

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81
Q

rapid, uncoordinated contractions

A

Fibrillation

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82
Q

volume of blood pumped by the heart in one
minute

A

Cardiac Output

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83
Q

Cardiac Output Abe

A

5L/min

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84
Q

Palpable rhythmic throbbing

A

PULSE

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85
Q

Most easily felt by impressing the radial artery on
the thumb side wrist

A

PULSE

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86
Q

pulse is Most easily felt by impressing the ______ on
the ________

A

radial artery on
the thumb side wrist

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87
Q

•Force/pressure/tension exerted by the blood on
the walls of blood vessels

A

BLOOD PRESSURE

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88
Q

BLOOD PRESSURE Results are expressed in ______ amd expressed as

A

millimeters of
mercury (mm Hg) , SYSTOLIC / DIASTOLIC

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89
Q

arterial pressure during
contraction of the ventricles

A

Systolic Pressure

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90
Q

arterial pressure during
relaxation of the ventricles

A

Diastolic Pressure

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91
Q

Systolic

A

<120

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92
Q

Diastolic

A

<80

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93
Q

pumps blood through the body by ways of
tubing

A

Heart

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94
Q

Heart pumps blood through the body by ways of
tubing:

A

arteries veins capillaries

95
Q

flows blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

96
Q

flows blood towards the heart

A

Veins

97
Q

connects most of arteries and
veins

A

Capillaries

98
Q

Carry blood from the heart, carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)

A

arteries

99
Q

Carry blood to the heart, carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)

A

Veins

100
Q

Normally bright red in color

A

Arteries

101
Q

Normally dark red in color

A

Veins

102
Q

Elastic walls that expand with surge of blood

A

Arteries

103
Q

Thin walls/less elastic

A

Veins

104
Q

No valves

A

Arteries

105
Q

Valves

A

Veins

106
Q

Has a pulse

A

Arteries

107
Q

No pulse

A

Veins

108
Q

Thick walls to withstand pumping pressure

A

The Artery

109
Q

• Pressure creates pulse that can be felt

A

The Artery

110
Q

Constantly expanding and constructing

A

The Artery

111
Q

Start branching off to form arterioles → capillarie

A

The Artery

112
Q

Carries oxygen to the tissue

A

The Artery

113
Q

Oxygenated arterial blood leaves the heart
(appear to be brighter)

A

The Artery

114
Q

Walls are thinner due to less pressure

A

The Vein

115
Q

Can collapse more easily that arteries

A

The Vein

116
Q

Has valves – prevent backflow of blood

A

The Vein

117
Q

Vessels that return blood to the heart

A

The Vein

118
Q

The Vein Carries blood that is:

A

❖ Low in oxygen (deoxygenated)
❖ High in carbon dioxide

119
Q

Blood tend to appear more dark and bluish

A

The Vein

120
Q

Capillaries form to create

A

venules → veins

121
Q

Connects the arterioles and venules

A

The Capillaries

122
Q

Acts as bridge between the two vessels

A

The Capillaries

123
Q

Mixture of both venous and arterial blood

A

The Capillaries

124
Q

Allow the exchange of O2 for CO2 and
nutrients for waste

A

Allow the exchange of O2 for CO2 and
nutrients for waste

125
Q

lets off heat

A

❖Dilates in warm temp

126
Q

conserves heat

A

❖Constrict in cold temp

127
Q

➢internal space of a blood vessel through
which the blood flows

A

Lumen

128
Q

Thin membranous leaflets

A

Valves

129
Q

Help blood flow towards the heart

A

Valves

130
Q

Layers of the Blood Vessels

A

Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima

131
Q

Outer layer of a blood vessel

A

Tunica Adventitia

132
Q

Made up of connective tissue

A

Tunica Adventitia

133
Q

Middle layer of blood vessel

A

Tunica Media

134
Q

Thickest layer

A

Tunica Media

135
Q

Made up of smooth muscle and some elastic
fibers

A

Tunica Media

136
Q

Inner layer

A

Tunica Intima

137
Q

Single layer of endothelial cells

A

Tunica Intima

138
Q

Underlying basement membrane of connective
tissue

A

Tunica Intima

139
Q

Elastic internal membrane

A

Tunica Intima

140
Q

means “in front of the elbow”

A

Antecubital

141
Q

means a “shallow depression”

A

Fossa

142
Q

First choice of location for venipuncture

A

Antecubital Fossa

143
Q

are near the surface and large enough to
give access to the blood

A

Veins

144
Q

Anatomical arrangement of AC veins vary
slightly

A

❑ H- Pattern Antecubital Veins
❑ M- Pattern Antecubital Veins

145
Q
  • Displayed by majority of the population
A

H-Pattern Antecubital Veins

146
Q

center of AC

A

MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN

147
Q

first choice for venipuncture

A

MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN

148
Q

anchored and more stable

A

MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN

149
Q
  • least painful
  • least likely to bruise
A

MEDIAN CUBITAL VEIN

150
Q

follows along the thumb side of the arm

A

CEPHALIC VEIN

151
Q

2nd choice of vein for venipuncture

A

CEPHALIC VEIN

152
Q

slightly difficult to palpate

A

CEPHALIC VEIN

153
Q

near the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve

A

CEPHALIC VEIN

154
Q

follows along the lateral aspect of AC

A

BASILIC VEIN

155
Q

3rd choice of vein for venipuncture

A

BASILIC VEIN

156
Q

difficult to palpate

A

BASILIC VEIN

157
Q

has tendency to roll

A

BASILIC VEIN

158
Q

near the brachial artery and median cutaneous
nerve, thus tends to be more painful

A

BASILIC VEIN

159
Q

Transportation system for the body to transfer
substances

A

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

160
Q

circulates blood through
lungs

A

Pulmonary System

161
Q

supplies cells with needed
nutrients and removing waste
products

A

Systemic System

162
Q

primary factory for production of
blood cells

A

Bone marrow

163
Q

Other sites of blood cell production:

A

(1) lymph
nodes, (2) thymus, (3) spleen

164
Q

• Function of Blood

A

✓Carry oxygen to body issues
✓Remove the waste product carbon dioxide
✓Carries all nutrients to all parts of the body
✓Moves products to the lungs, kidneys, liver and
skin

165
Q

varies on the size of individual

A

Blood volume

166
Q

Only _____ of an individual’s blood can be taken

A

2.5%

167
Q

No more than ____ of total patient’s blood can be
taken in _____ days

A

5%, 30 days

168
Q

Adult – contains approx.

A

5 liters of blood

169
Q

contains 100ml of blood

A

Preterm infant

170
Q

Continuous, regulated process of renewal,
proliferation, differentiation,
and maturation of all blood cell lines

A

HEMATOPOIESIS

171
Q

Results in release of blood cells from bone
marrow into circulation

A

HEMATOPOIESIS

172
Q

Hematopoiesis decrease of size through

A

maturation

173
Q

Immature cells found in the bloodstream are
indicative of hematologic problem

A

HEMATOPOIESIS

174
Q

found in the bloodstream are
indicative of hematologic
problem

A

Immature cells

175
Q

✓Appears clear, pale-yellow fluid

✓ Used for many laboratory tests

A

SERUM

176
Q

Blood removed from the body will

A

coagulate/clot within 30-60 mins

177
Q

Clot contains

A

enmeshed fibrin network

178
Q

❖Remaining fluid portion is

A

serum

179
Q

Separated with other components by

A

centrifugation

180
Q

Appears clear to slightly haze pale-yellow fluid

A

PLASMA

181
Q

❖Liquid portion of blood inside the body

A

Plasma

182
Q

Can be acquired outside of the body through
anticoagulants

A

plasma

183
Q

is called a whole-blood
specimen

A

Anticoagulated blood

184
Q

blood in the same form as it is in the bloodstream

A

Anticoagulated blood

185
Q

Contains fibrinogen and clotting factors

A

Plasma

186
Q

contains mixture of leukocytes and
thrombocytes

A

Buffy Coat

187
Q

Blood Elements
• Consists of:

A

(1) liquid portion (plasma/serum) – 55%
(2) cellular elements – 45%
❑ Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
❑ Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
❑ Thrombocytes ( Platelets )

188
Q

RED BLOOD CELLS Size (mature)

A

7-8 um

189
Q

RED BLOOD CELLS Nucleus ( Mature )

A

Absent

190
Q

RED BLOOD CELLS Shape

A

Biconcave

191
Q

RED BLOOD CELLS Viability inside the body

A

120 days

192
Q

Consists of hemoglobin

A

RBC

193
Q

iron-containing pigment of RBCs

A

Hemoglobin

194
Q

holds oxygen molecules

A

hemoglobin

195
Q

releases oxygen to tissues and brings CO2 back
to the lung

A

hemoglobin

196
Q

determines individual’s blood type

A

antigen

197
Q

Contains antigen on the service

A

RBC

198
Q

can react with antibodies

A

antigen

199
Q

significant in identifying blood compatibility

A

antigen

200
Q

Produced in the bone marrow and lymph nodes

A

LEUKOCYTES

201
Q

Begin as undifferentiated stem cells

A

LEUKOCYTES

202
Q

Leukocytes Immature

A

Blasts Cells

203
Q

• Vary greatly in size
• Some may have granules
• Has staining characteristics for differentiation (differential count)

A

Leukocytes

204
Q

Smallest of the formed elements

A

THROMBOCYTES

205
Q

Fragments of metagakaryocyte

A

THROMBOCYTES

206
Q

Aids in clotting process

A

Thrombocytes

207
Q

THROMBOCYTES fragments of

A

Megakaryocytes

208
Q

is a large bone marrow cell with a lobated nucleus that produces blood platelets (thrombocytes), which are necessary for normal clotting.

A

Megakaryocytes

209
Q

❖Spins blood in upright position

A

CENTRIFUGATION

210
Q

❖Speeds up separation of components

A

CENTRIFUGATION

211
Q

➢ separates according to weight
➢ heavier cellular components tend to settle at
the bottom

A

CENTRIFUGATION

212
Q

tend to settle at
the bottom

A

heavier cellular components

213
Q

❖Must be in a balanced position

A

CENTRIFUGATION

214
Q

Blood must be allowed to clot for at least ______ before centrifugation

A

30 minutes

215
Q

Conversion of liquid blood into a semisolid gel
called

A

clot

216
Q

Conversion of liquid blood into a semisolid gel
called “clot”

A

Coagulation

217
Q

Critical component of hemostasis

A

COAGULATION

218
Q

ability of the body to arrest or stop bleeding

A

hemostasis

219
Q

Requires activation of coagulation factors

A

COAGULATION

220
Q

❖Primary hemostasis

A

Vasoconstriction

Platelet aggregation

Platelet adhesion

221
Q

damaged vessels constrict
to limit bleeding

A

Vasoconstriction

222
Q

formation of platelet
clump

A

Platelet aggregation

223
Q

adherence of clumps to
injured area

A

Platelet adhesion

224
Q

needed for more serious injuries

A

❖Secondary hemostasis

225
Q

❖Secondary hemostasis involves formation of

A

fibrin clot

226
Q

complex series of coagulation cascade

A

❖Secondary hemostasis

227
Q

vascular injury

A

Intrinsic Pathway

228
Q

tissue injury

A

Extrinsic Pathway

229
Q

Once injury is repaired, ________ occurs

A

fibrinolysis

230
Q

are substances that remain in your bloodstream after your body dissolves a blood clot

A

Fibrin degradation products (FDP)

231
Q

Blood tubes with anticoagulants prevent the
coagulation cascade from progressing

A

COAGULATION

232
Q

Important in preventing collected blood from
clotting in the tubes

A

COAGULATION

233
Q

❖To prevent from clotting, the tube contains

A

chemical anticoagulants

234
Q

works by removing calcium or
by inhibiting prothrombin to thrombin

A

❖Anticoagulants

PMLS (10 decks)

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