Industrial Transformstion

Question 1

From mid 1890s Russia’s economy underwent a major transformation. What was the annual growth rate from 1894-1913 ?

Answer 1

Annual growth rate of more than 8% per annum from 1894 to 1913

Question 2

Impressive expansion initially masterminded by who?

Answer 2

Sergei Witte = finance minister 1892-1903 who built on policies established by Ivan Vyshnegrsdsky in 1880s

Question 3

Russians economic progress in the 11 years of Witte’s tenure =

Answer 3

Remarkable

Question 4

what happened to railway trackage?

Answer 4

railway trackage virutally doubled

Question 5

coal output in southern Russia jumped from how much from 1890-1900?

Answer 5

coal output in southern russia jumped from
183 million puds on 1890 to 671 million in 1900

Question 6

foreign investment soared with France supplying how much of all foreign capital

Answer 6

supplying 1/3 of all foreign capital

Question 7

Britain supplying how much of all foreign capital

Answer 7

23%

Question 8

Germany supplying how much of all foreign capital

Answer 8

20%

Question 9

Belgium supplying how much of all foreign capital

Answer 9

14%

Question 10

USA supplying how much of all foreign capital

Answer 10

5%

Question 11

foreign investment in 1895 vs 1914

Answer 11

1896- 280 million of roubles
1914- 2000 millions of roubles

Question 12

witte deliberately sought to state-manage industrial growth by?

Answer 12

seeking capital, technical advisers, managers and skilled workers from overseas

Question 13

what did Witte introduce in january 1897 and why?

Answer 13

a new rouble backed by the value of gold
-in order to strengthen the currency + encourage foreign confidence and investment

Question 14

foreign investment declined proportionately in early 20th century why?

Answer 14

Russian businessmen accumulated sufficient wealth to expand their enterprises and found new ones
-state-involvement remained an essential feature of economic growth throughout period of 1914

Question 15

why was capital used?

Answer 15

to fund public works
develop Russia’s infrastructure :
railways, telegraph lines, and electrical plants
+ develop mines,oilfields and forests for timber

Question 16

by the early 20th century, the state controlled how much of Russia’s railways?

Answer 16

70% of Russia’s railways + held extensive holdings in the growing of ‘heavy industrial plant’

Question 17

years 1903-1913, the government received how much of its income from industrial investments?

Answer 17

more than 25% of its income from its industrial investments

Question 18

what was the annual growth rate from 1894-1913?

Answer 18

more than 8%

Question 19

how much was coal output in 1890 and 1900?

Answer 19

-183 million puds in 1890
-671 million puds in 1900

Question 20

how much coal did the Donbas supply by 1913?

Answer 20

87%

Question 21

how much did russian oil production increase between 1885-1913?

Answer 21

trebled from 153 million puds to almost 570 million