foreign loans, investment and expertise

Question 1

the state did not have the money to pay for this level of state expenditure so what did Witte do?

Answer 1

negotiated huge loans, particularly from the french
also drew in foreign investors to put money into Russian joint-stock companies

Question 2

by 1900 how much of the capital in these companies had been invested by foreigners

Answer 2

1/3 of the capital

Question 3

Witte encouraged more foreign companies, engineers and experts (like the hughes family) from France, Britain, Germany and other European countries to ?

Answer 3

contribute their commercial and technological expertise ( 16 foreign companies in 1888, 269 in 1900)

Question 4

Witte encouraged growth of private enterprise what did this create?

Answer 4

a new class of go-ahead Russian industrialists entrepreneurs and businessmen began to emerge, especially in Moscow

Question 5

Witte encouraged growth of private enterprise what did critics accuse him of ?

Answer 5

creating a dangerous and shameful dependence on foreigners