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ap hug > unit 6 > Flashcards

unit 6 Flashcards

1
Q

agriculture

A

often controlled by environment and climate

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2
Q

cool mid latitudes

A

wheat, barley, livestock, dairy cows

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3
Q

warm mid latitudes

A

vegetables, fruit, rice

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4
Q

mediterranean (not just the region)

A

grapes, olives, dates

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5
Q

grasslands

A

continental steppe, cattle, ranching, sheep, goats, horses, camels

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6
Q

sub-tropical

A

rice, cotton, tobacco

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7
Q

tropical

A

coffee, sugar, tea, cacao, pineapple

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8
Q

modification

A

humans can modify environment to promote their agriculture

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9
Q

modifying space

A

clearing or modifying land so crops grow

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10
Q

modifying water

A

irrigation, old and new strategy to control water if it is sporadic

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11
Q

sporadic water

A

supplement is not enough

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12
Q

modifying light

A

artificial lights to aid in photosynthesis

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13
Q

modifying nutrients

A

humans use fertilizers to help plants grow more quickly

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14
Q

modifying for suitable temperature

A

greenhouses and other shelters allow plants to grow in places they may not be suited in

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15
Q

cost of land

A

what can be economically grown, US farms get increasingly big, scale up production so efficiency will compensate for other costs and profits

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16
Q

cost of labor

A

harvest of planting certain crops has not yet mechanized, so agriculture can be labor intensive

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17
Q

cost of machinery

A

high upfront costs but more efficiency, can save money in the long run

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18
Q

intensive labor

A

requires lots of labor and capital, small plots near population centers, high yield per acre (ex: cotton in the past)

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19
Q

extensive labor

A

requires less labor and capital, larger plots farther away from population centers, low yield per acre (ex: shifting cultivation, livestock farming)

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20
Q

plantation agriculture

A

labor intensive agriculture in former colonies to grow cash crops (ex: coffee, cacao, sugar, etc.)

21
Q

mixed crop and livestock

A

labor intensive, farmers grow crops to fatten livestock (ex: corn and soybeans fed to cattle and pigs on feed lots, they are later slaughtered in meat packing plants)

22
Q

market gardening

A

farms that specialize in in fresh fruit and vegetables that are transported to markers (ex: potatoes planted and harvested by immigrant labor)

23
Q

shifting cultivation

A
  • farmers in tropics control a lot of land, but only use part of it any given year
  • rainforests are cleared and burned
  • farmers plant multiple crops in a single field
  • nutrition of the soil is frequently depleted so farmers leave that section and start again in a different section
24
Q

nomadic herding

A
  • in arid and semi arid climates farming is not possible
  • herders are mobile and follow their animals from pasture to pasture
  • frequency of movement means fewer possessions and difficulty in accumulating wealth
25
Q

ranching

A

ranch land is unsuitable for farming, ranches are large, cattle and sheep are grazed to sell to markets

26
Q

rural-use patterns

A

clustered, dispersed, linear

27
Q

metes and bounds

A

boundaries using short distances like an oak tree or longer distances like a river

28
Q

township and range

A

grid system where towns are 6 * 6 miles

29
Q

long lot

A

farms were long and thin and perpendicular to rivers

30
Q

clustered settlement

A

every possible square mile is dedicated to farming, growing rice, buckwheat, and millet (ex: houses in japan’s houses in japan’s farming villages packed tightly together)

31
Q

clustered settlements are the result of

A

often a pattern remaining from times when farmland was communal instead of belonging to individual farmers/families,
houses being built close together to leave as much open land as possible for farming, ensures residents have easy access to services provided by the settlement

32
Q

linear settlement

A

often next to a geographical feature like a lake shore or a river or following a road, road often exists before the settlement

33
Q

linear settlements are the result of

A
  • access to a resource, such as a river
  • settlement occuring along preexisting waterway or road that is necessary for farmers to transport goods to markets
  • in low lying areas of western europe, villages are located along dikes and levees, causing linear pattern
34
Q

dispersed settlements are the result of

A
  • gov land policies, such as federal land survey system specified how land could be divided and allocated
  • individual pioneer families set up their farms on their claimed homesteads
  • farms being independently owned and operated, so there is one home surrounded by the land it operates and manages
35
Q

history of the metes & bounds system

A
  • introduced by the british, adopted by the long eastern seaboard
  • the drawing of boundaries was left up to the individual land purchaser
  • natural features were used to demarcate irregularly shaped parcels of land
  • used geometric calculations, but it was more challenging working with the irregular shapes
36
Q

history of the township and rang system

A
  • simplified the process of metes and bounds
  • basic unit was a 1 square mile section and land was bought and sold in whole, half, or quarter sections
  • as a result, almost all of the territory west of the ohio-pennsylvania boundary was eventually surveyed using the township and range system
37
Q

history of the long lot system

A
  • method used by the french when settling north america
  • farmers would build their houses along the river or road
  • ensured each farmer had access to transportation, but also prevented
  • small number of farmers from monopolizing most accesible lands
  • still evident today in louisiana and quebec
  • nickname “ribbon farms”
38
Q

early hearths of plant and animal domestication

A

fertile crescent (SW asia)
indus river valley
southeast asia
central america

39
Q

patterns of diffusion resulted in

A

columbian exchange : a global spread of various plants and animals

40
Q

second agricultural revolution

A

new technology and increased food production, linked to british enclosure movement, many poor farmers left for jobs in the cities (industrial revolution)

41
Q

bidrent theory

A
  • closer land is to a city, the more it costs
  • farming takes up a lot of land, so its done far from cities
  • has to balance w/ cost of transportation to market, profit farmer will make, and type of food grown
  • (ex: vegetables spoil quicky, grown closest to market
    grain transports easily, but require more space than vegetables)
42
Q

von-thunen’s theory

A
  • used to explain rural land use
  • emphasizing importance of transportation costs associated w/ distance from market
  • regions of specialty farming
  • (ex: wine growing regions may grow only grapes)
43
Q

changes and exceptions to von thunen’s model

A
  • refrigeration : keeping things fresh for longer
    -efficient transportation
  • preservatives
  • pesticides
  • greenhouses
  • urban farming : farming in city
  • gmo (genetically modified organisms)
44
Q

global food trade

A
  • food and other products part of global supply chain
  • more developed countries (MDCs) have structural advantages over less developed countries (LDCs)
  • ex: infrastructure, tech, wealth, etc.
  • politics, environmental change, and war all impact global food chains
45
Q

agricultural consequences : altered landscapes

A
  • slash and burn (vegetation cut or burned down before new seeds sown)
  • terraces and irrigation
  • draining wetlands (turning wetlands into fields to grow crops)
  • deforestation
46
Q

agricultural consequences : environment

A
  • soil salinization (salt fields)
  • pollution (run off/pesticides)
  • desertification (creating desert bc of dry land, cannot grow crops)
47
Q

agricultural consequences : social effects

A
  • changing diets
  • food deserts
  • area that has limited access to groceries or fresh food
48
Q

agricultural consequences : differing economic purpose

A

food as a necessity vs food an an expression/social status
salt bae or tiktok pasta

ap hug (5 decks)

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