unit 7

Question 1

urbanization

Answer 1

the movement of people from rural areas to cities

Question 2

urban

Answer 2

relating to a city

Question 3

city

Answer 3

relatively large
densely populated settlement w/ much larger population than rural places
cities serve as important commercial and cultural hubs for surrounding regions

Question 4

rural

Answer 4

area located outside of towns and cities
all the space, population, and housing not included in urban area

Question 5

site

Answer 5

place where the settlement is located
absolute location
city’s static location often chosen for trade, defense or religion

Question 6

situation

Answer 6

describes where settlement is in relation to other settlements and features surrounding the area
relative location
city’s place in the region and world around it

Question 7

origins of urbanization

Answer 7

early humans were nomadic, no permanent home
some decided to stop and stay put in certain areas
areas began to grow in size and turn into cities
early settlements were agricultural villages that formed after humans began growing food/crops
farmers being able to produce surplus crops led to people getting other careers

Question 8

socioeconomic stratification

Answer 8

differentiation of society into class based on wealth, power, prestige
ex: upper, middle, lower classes

Question 9

first urban revolution

Answer 9

agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to rise of early cities

Question 10

urban hearth areas

Answer 10

area like mesopotamia or nile valley, where large cities first existed
each urban hearth experienced agricultural surplus and socioeconomic stratification

Question 11

diffusion of urbanization

Answer 11

cities evolved spontaneously as humans improved agricultural production and had socioeconomic stratification
empires spread techniques and innovations to other areas
“recreating their city models”

Question 12

example of diffusion of urbaanization

Answer 12

cities in europe
greek and roman empires establishing cities in europe leaving some culture as they went

Question 13

factors that influence urbanization

Answer 13

transportation
economic development
government policies

Question 14

urban growth comes from

Answer 14

migration from rural to urban areas
natural population increase

Question 15

rural to urban migration

Answer 15

movement of people (typically farmers) from rural settlements to urban centers for jobs

Question 16

second urban revolution

Answer 16

industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth
“downtown” areas emerge expanded business districts
wealth elite move to outskirts, build giant houses as symbol of wealth

Question 17

social transformation

Answer 17

urban land as source of income (close to ports, economic center, etc.)

Question 18

government policies

Answer 18

cities become more complex , necessary to manage city’s infrastructure but also water (sewage and garbage)

Question 19

redevelopment

Answer 19

set of activites intended to revitalize area that has fallen on hard times

Question 20

metropolis

Answer 20

very large and densely populated city
particularly the capital or major city of a country or region
ex : nyc, london, beijing

Question 21

megacities

Answer 21

10 million inhabitants or more
ex: cairo, mumbai, beijing

Question 22

metacities

Answer 22

20 million inhabitants or more
ex: tokyo, delhi, shanghai

Question 23

suburbanization

Answer 23

movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city

Question 24

sprawl (urban sprawl)

Answer 24

tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner
ex: automobile cities

Question 25

decentralize

Answer 25

to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas like suburbs

Question 26

edge cities

Answer 26

concentration of business, shopping, entertainment that developed in the suburbs
outside of a city’s traditional downtown/central business district
population increases every morning, decreases every afternoon (more jobs than homes)

Question 27

exurb

Answer 27

semi-rural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by rich families
“well to do” families = rich apparently
often found near farmland, beaches or mountains
more spread out and less walkable

Question 28

concentric zone model

Answer 28

early model of modern city, based off chicago
cbd
cbd fringe
zone of transition (commercial to residential)
zone of independent workingmen’s homes
residential zone
commuters zone

Question 29

sector model

Answer 29

modification of concentric zone model
high-rent areas are far from factories
low-rent areas are next to undesirable factories/warehouses
middle-income areas are in between high and low rent areas

Question 31

multiple nuclei model

Answer 31

multiple cbds
reflect changes in transportation and residential preferences
attempt to explain modern city structures

Question 32

urban system

Answer 32

set of interdependent cities or urban places
connected by networks

Question 33

interdependent

Answer 33

2 or more things dependent on each other
territories within a nation/state/province
organized by towns/cities/hinterlands ^

Question 34

urban hierarchy

Answer 34

ranking of cities with largest/most powerful at the top of hierarchy
two ideas that explain this :
rank-size rule
primate city rule

Question 35

primate cities

Answer 35

city much larger (at least twice the population) of next largest city in the country
dominates country’s economic, political, cultural life
many developing countries organized as primate city due to colonial power hold over
ex : bangkok, seoul, vienna, etc.

Question 36

rank size rule cities

Answer 36

these countries have variety of settlement sizes, but roughly proportional
ex: second largest city has ½ population, third largest has ⅓, and so on

Question 37

gravity model

Answer 37

idea that larger the place -> more people interact w/ it
people are attracted to political stability, opportunities, entertainment, etc.

Question 38

christaller’s central place theory

Answer 38

people dont want to travel far for every day things (food, gas, other goods)
it is theory/model, does not exist irl
larger settlements -> larger range
range = distance people willing to travel for good/service
areas have threshold
threshold = amount of people needed to support businesses located there