MINERALS Flashcards
1.1-1.6 (136 cards)
1
Q
A mineral to a rock is what an atom is to a
A
molecule
2
Q
Rock definition
A
A rock is a solid consisting of an aggregate of mineral grains, pieces of older rocks, or a mass of natural glass
3
Q
what are minerals
A
building blocks of the planet
make up most rocks and sediment
4
Q
how many known minerals
A
4000
5
Q
mineral definition
A
a homogeneous, naturally occurring, solid, inorganic* substance with a definable chemical composition and an internal structure characterized by an orderly arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a lattice
6
Q
Naturally occurring definition and exceptions
A
form naturally from earth processes
not man made
lab grown minerale are known as synthetic minerals
7
Q
3 types of earth processes
A
solidification
precipitation
formed by organisms
8
Q
Inorganic* (difference between made by an organism and organic)
A
organic contains carbon-carbon or carbon hydrogen bonds.
9
Q
Organic mineral exceptions
A
diamond, graphite
10
Q
a solid lacking internal structure
A
glass
11
Q
crystalline structure
A
atoms occupy fixed positions in a grid called a lattice
12
Q
What is a crystal
A
a crystal is a single continuous piece of crystalline solid, typically bounded by flat crystal faces
13
Q
how do crystal faces grow
A
they grow naturally as the minerals form and reflect atomic structure
14
Q
equivalent crystal faces found on two samples of the same mineral
A
always bear the same angular relationship
15
Q
mineral properties are determined by
A
the geometry of the atomic packing and the nature of chemical bonding
16
Q
the way elements are packed into a crystal lattice depends upon
A
the size and the charge of the ions of that element
17
Q
are anions usually bigger than cations
A
yes, anions are usually bigger
18
Q
a large central cation requires
A
a larger number of anions
19
Q
a small central cations requires
A
a smaller number of anions
20
Q
the two polymorphs of carbon are
A
graphite and diamond
21
Q
the diamond lattice is
A
tetrahedral
22
Q
the graphite lattice is in
A
sheets
23
Q
how do crystals grow
A
atoms attach to the outer surface
24
Q
in an open cavity crystal faces grow
A
perfectly
25
early crystals act as seeds
for further mineral growth
26
types of crystals (how they encountered other crystals)
ephedra’s, anhedral, subhedral
27
euhedral defintion
all perfect edges
28
anhedral
no perfect edges
29
subhedral
some perfet edges
30
two types of mineral properties
chemical and physical
31
9 ways to identify minerals
color
streak
luster
hardness
specific gravity
crystal habit
cleavage
reaction to acid
special properties
32
describe using colors rule
don’t use one mineral to describe another
33
name of the hardness scale
mohs hardness scale
34
mohs hardness scale is directly linked to
atomic bond strenght
35
hard minerals can scratch
soft minerals
36
what is streak
a property where a mineral leaves a crushed powder on an unglazed porcelain plate
37
minerals leave a different streak than
their outward color
38
define luster
a property that refers to the way that a mineral surface scatters light
39
2 main subdivisions of luster
metallic and nonmetallic
40
specific gravity definition
the density of the mineral as defined by the ratio of the weight of a volume and the weight of an equal volume of water at 4 degrees celcuis
41
what is hefting
lifting minerals in your hands to gain a sense of specific gravity
42
crystal habit refers to
the shape of a single crystal with well formed faces, or to an aggregate of many well formed crystals
43
List common geometric shapes that define crystal habit
cubic
prismatic bladed
platy
needle like
fibrous
44
list special properties
effervescence (reactivity with acid)
magnetism
taste
smell
feel
striations (grooves)
marking on paper
45
Mineral associated with effervescence
calcium carbonate
46
Minerals associated with magnetism
magnetite
pyrite
hematite
47
Mineral associated with taste
halite
48
Mineral associated with smell
sulfur
49
Mineral associated with feel
talc
50
Mineral associated with striations
plagioclase
51
Mineral associated with marking on paper
graphite
52
different minerals break in
different ways
53
what is cleavage
the tendency for a mineral to break along lattice planes with weaker atomic bonds
54
a mineral has cleavage if
it breaks to form distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation
55
surface a mineral cleaves on is a
cleavage plane
56
halite breaks into (shape)
cubes
57
Calcite breaks into (shape)
rhombs
58
cleavage planes may be hard to distinguish from
crystal faces
59
minerals that have no lattice planes of weakness have _____ and will_____
bonds that are equally strong in all directions
fracture instead of cleave
60
What are sulfides
metal cation to sulfide anion
61
what is a sulfide anion
s2-
62
pyrite group and formula
sulfides (fes2)
63
galena group and formula
sulfides (Pbs)
64
sulfides have
metallic luster and high specific gravity
65
what are Oxides
metal cation oxygen anion
66
what is an oxygen anion
O-
67
Hematite group and formula
Fe2O3 Oxides
68
Magnetite group and formula
Fe3O4 oxides
69
hematite and Magnetite have a
dark, opaque, sub metallic to metallic luster
70
what are halides
the anion is a halogen
71
list Halide anions (halogens)
cl-
f-
I-
Br-
72
Halite group and formula
halide NaCl
73
fluoride group and formula
Caf2 Halide
74
Halite special properties
Halite is a mineral that usually forms in arid climates where ocean water evaporates
75
what are sulphates
metal cation sulfate anion
76
what is sulfate
so4^2-
77
sulfates often form by
precipitation out of water at or near the earths surface
78
Gypsum group and formula
CaSO4*H20 sulfates
79
Anhydrite group and formuka
CaSo4 sulfates
80
what are carbonates
anion is carbonate Co3^2-
81
Calcite group and formula
carbonates CaCo3
82
dolomite group and formula
CaMg[co3]2
83
carbonates properties
soft minerals that effervescence in dilute hydrochloric acid (HCL)
84
limestone is formed entirely out of
Calcite
85
shells and corals are mainly formed from what group of mineral
carbonates
86
what are native metals
Pure element (that is a metal)
87
copper gold and silver group
native metals
88
graphite diamond and sulfur group
native metals
89
what are silicates
contain silicate anion
90
silicate anion formula
SiO4^4-
91
what percent of continental crust is silicates
95%
92
7 groups /classes of minerals
sulfides
oxides
halides
sulfates
carbonates
native metals
silicates
93
5 types of silicates
independent tetrahedra
single chain
double chain
sheet silicates
framework silicates
94
the difference between the subgroups of silicates are based on the
arrangement of the silica tetrahedral
(how they share oxygen atoms)
95
Independent tetrahedra share _ oxygen atoms with an Si:O ratio of _
0
1:4
96
single chain silicates share _ oxygen atoms with an Si:O ratio of _
2
1:3
97
double chain silicates share _ oxygen atoms with an Si:O ratio of _
2 or 3
2:7
98
sheet silicates share _ oxygen atoms with an Si:O ratio of _
3
2:5
99
framework silicates share _ oxygen atoms with an Si:O ratio of _
4
1:2
100
Independent tetrahedra silicates are bonded by
cations
101
Olivine and garnet silicate subgroup
independent tetrahedra
102
does independent tetrahedra have cleavage
no bonds are equal in all directions
103
pyroxene silicate subgroup
single chain
104
strength of single chain silicates
very strong
105
amphibole silicate subgroup
double chain
106
in sheet silicates other elements
fit between the sheets
107
sheet silicates cleave in what way
parallel to the sheets
108
micah silicate subgroup
sheet silicates
109
feldspar and quartz silicate subgroup
framework silicates
110
in plagioclase and k feldspar contain
aluminum or other elements in the center of some tetrahdra
111
clay minerals silicate subgroup
sheet silicates
112
clay particles are soft and less than
4 micro meters large
113
kaolinite and smentite subsubgroup
clay minerals
114
kaolinite has a _ ratio of
1:1 TO
silicate (tetrahedral)
and aluminate (octahedral)
115
Smentite has a _ ratio of
1:2 TOT
of silicate(tetrahedral)
aluminate (octahedral)
and water molecules/cations
116
economic uses of halite
table salt
road salt
abundant
117
economic uses of gypsum
wallboard and plaster
cement
agriculture
glass making
soft and easy to mine
118
economic uses of magnetite
iron and magnetic material
119
economic uses of galena
lead
120
economic uses of graphite
pencils
121
economic uses of garnet
very hard used as an abrasive in industrial applications
122
5 mineral formation ways
solidification from a melt
precipitation in water
diffusion
biomineralization
precitipitation from gas
123
solidification
freezing from melt
minerals grow as temperature drops
lava cooling on the surface
magma cooling underground
124
precipitation in water
atoms, molecules or ions dissolved in water bind together and separate out
happens when water becomes saturated to a point at which the water can no longer maintain a buffer between them
chemical changes
125
evaporation can induce
saturation
126
what is diffusion
solid state diffusion is the movement of atoms or ions through a solid to arrange in to a new crystal structure
slow process
high P and T
127
what is Biomineralization
living organisms can cause minerals to precipitate
CaCO3
128
precipitation from gas
minerals can precitipitate directly from gases around a volcanic vent
fumarole and sulfur
129
Mineral checklist
naturally occurring
solid
inorganic
defineable chemical composition
crystal lattice
130
is ice a minerals why
yes meets checlist
131
is water a mineral why
no not solid no crystal lattice
132
is plastic a mineral why
no only soliud
133
is bricks a mineral why
no not naturally occurring
134
is salt a mineral why
yes meets all
135
is sugar a minerals why
no organic
136
is glass a mineral why
no, lacking crystal lattice
