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honors bio > Mitosis + Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis + Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic vs. Gametes

A

Somatic cells are diploid—meaning they have two sets of chromosomes. Gametes are haploids—meaning that have only one set of chromosomes.

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2
Q

somatic vs gametes cells

A

Somatic cells are body cells. Gametes are sex cells.

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3
Q

What are all stages of mitosis?

A

Gap 1, synthesis, gap 2, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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4
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

Loose/unraveled DNA

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5
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

A newly copied condensed chromosome

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6
Q

What is a chromosome

A

Two condensed chromatids joined by a centromere

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7
Q

What is a centromere

A

The center of the chromosome where the chromatids connect

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8
Q

What are spindle fibers made up of?

A

Tubulin

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9
Q

What are the phases of interphase?

A

Gap 1, synthesis, gap 2

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10
Q

What happens in gap 1

A

Cell grows in size. Organelles replicate.

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11
Q

What happens in synthesis?

A

Replication of DNA. synthesis of proteins associated with DNA

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12
Q

What happens in gap 2?

A

Synthesis of proteins associated with mitosis

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13
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromatin condense into chromatids. Spindle fibers form. Chromosomes are captured by the spindles. Nucleolus breaks down.

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14
Q

What are spindle fibers?

A

Specialized microtubules radiating out from centrioles.

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15
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align along the equator of the cell, with one chromatid facing each pole.

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16
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Spindle fibers shorten and pull chromatids towards opposite poles. Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.

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17
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Spindle fibers disintegrate. Nuclear envelopes form around both groups of chromosomes. Chromosomes revert to chromatid. Cytokinesis occurs.

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18
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Splitting the cytoplasm.

19
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The splitting of the nucleus.

20
Q

Difference of cytokinesis and mitosis

A

Mitosis is the splitting of the nucleus. Cytokinesis is the splitting of cytoplasm.

21
Q

What is cleavage furrow?

A

When animal cells go through cytokinesis.

22
Q

What is cell plate?

A

Happens in plant cells when undergoing cytokinesis.

23
Q

Do plant cells have centrioles?

A

NO YOU DIMBAT

24
Q

What organisms go through meiosis?

A

All sexually producing animals.

25
Q

Where does meiosis take place? Differentiate between males and females.

A

Males - tetes, females - ovaries

26
Q

Why does meiosis happen?

A

To produce offspring with a combination of genes from both parents. It allows unique offspring.

27
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Similar in size, shape, position of the genetic information. Not identical.

28
Q

What are the two types of chromosomes from each parent?

A

One paternal chromosome, one maternal chromosome. Sister chromatids of each.

29
Q

Paternal vs maternal

A

Paternal is from a father. Maternal is from a mother.

30
Q

What is a tetrad?

A

2 sets of homologous chromosomes connected by a centromere.

31
Q

Why is crossing over important?

A

Introduces genetic variety.

32
Q

When does crossing over happen?

A

Happens in prophase 1.

33
Q

What happens in crossing over?

A

Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic info and produce recombinant chromatids.

34
Q

What is chiasmata?

A

The exchange of genetic information from homologous chromosomes.

35
Q

What is the order in meiosis?

A

Interphase, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1 + cytokinesis, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2 + cytokinesis.

36
Q

How many daughter cells in mitosis vs meiosis?

A

Mitosis makes 2. Meiosis makes 4.

37
Q

What are checkpoints used for?

A

To check that cell division is following through correctly. During these checkpoints, mistakes can be corrected or the cell can be stopped from going through division.

38
Q

What are the three different checkpoints?

A

G1/S checkpoint. G2/M (mitosis) checkpoint, spindle checkpoint.

39
Q

What is the G1/S Checkpoint?

A

First checkpoint. Decides if a cell will continue through cell division.

40
Q

What is the G2/M checkpoint?

A

Checks if a cell went though all stages of interphase correctly. Let’s a cell go through mitosis.

41
Q

What is the spindle checkpoint?

A

Checks that all chromosomes have attacked to the spindle for anaphase.

42
Q

What allows cells to continue cell division?

A

Growth factors. Size of the cell. Nutritional intake

43
Q

What is the average cell division for animals?

A

10-20 hours

honors bio (29 decks)

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