molecular basis of evolution

Question 1

evolution explains both the ___ and ____ of species

Answer 1

unity and diversity

Question 2

what is evolution

Answer 2

process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species

Question 3

what are mutations

Answer 3

generations of new genetic material by mistakes in copying of DNA strand

Question 4

what is taxonomy

Answer 4

describing, identifying, classifying and naming of organisms

Question 5

genus

Answer 5

group (clade) of closely related species

Question 6

what is the hierarchy of categories (taxa)

Answer 6

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 7

what are species

Answer 7

a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring, or a group of organisms w similar morphology or genetic identity

Question 8

what are some ways we identify species

Answer 8

morphology, ecology, geographic distribution, biochemistry/ physiology, nucleic acid sequence

Question 9

what is the dichotomous key

Answer 9

tool for classification that divides groups into two

ex w a bunch of animals splitting into groups w 4 legs and groups 4 8 legs

then splitting those groups into further groups with wings and no wings etc etc

works but ignore true relationship of organisms

Question 10

what must taxonomic tools consider

Answer 10

ancestral lineages and origins

Question 11

homologous structures

Answer 11

share a common origin
ex human, whale and bat fingers

Question 12

analogous structutures

Answer 12

share a common function but arose from different ancestors ex bat and bird wing

Question 13

what is phylogeny

Answer 13

study of evolutionary history of species, helps us view relationships

Question 14

terminal taxa

Answer 14

things at the end of the tree (the descendants), can be living or fossils

Question 15

give an example of why phylogeny is important

Answer 15

use of drugs, same drugs for different parasites with recent common ancestor

Question 16

how is dna organized in eukaryotes

Answer 16

in nucleus where dna is wrapped tightly in chromosomes, also in mitochondria/ chloroplasts

Question 17

what do genes do

Answer 17

code for info to build proteins to replicate/ reproduce, produce energy and form structure and perform function

Question 18

what is common descent

Answer 18

concept where one species is the ancestor of 2 or more species later in time

Question 19

what is the genome

Answer 19

total of all hereditary info in a cell

Question 20

what are chromosomes made up of

Answer 20

genes; lengths of DNA coding for functional protein

Question 21

what happens to genes

Answer 21

transcribed to mRNA and translated into proteins

Question 22

phenotype

Answer 22

observable characteristics based on gene expression

Question 23

name types of mutations

Answer 23

defective chromosomes through rearrangement, recombination or insertion/deletion

point mutations by nucleotide base substitutions/ insertion or deletion

Question 24

endogenous cause of mutation

Answer 24

spontaneous due to normal cellular division

Question 25

exogenous mutation

Answer 25

caused by chemical, radiation, transposable elements and viruses

Question 26

when are mutations heritable

Answer 26

if they occur in germinal tissue

Question 27

when are mutations not heritable

Answer 27

if they occur in somatic tissues

Question 28

if a mutation leads to no change on the protein function its called

Answer 28

synonymous mutation

Question 29

what are 3 ways a mutation could result in

Answer 29

no change on protein function

change in protein function (new phenotype)

loss of protein function (new phenotype or disease)

Question 30

genetic diversity reflects ___ of populations, why?

Answer 30

health

gives populations ability to respond to different environments and adapt to changing conditions, natural selection

Question 31

natural selection

Answer 31

mechanism of evolution
organisms more adapted to their environment more likely to survive and pass on the genes

Question 32

factors that affect genetic diversity

Answer 32

-mutations
-natural selection
-migration
-random genetic drift: bottlenecks and founder effects

Question 33

bottlenecks

Answer 33

predation or catastrophic event

Question 34

founder effects

Answer 34

new small population arising

Question 35

for animals family name ends in

Answer 35

“idae”