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Pathophysiology > Week 5: Ch. 20- Neoplasms > Flashcards

Week 5: Ch. 20- Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

________ is part of the cell cycle- it is how the cell divides and reproduces itself. It requires a genetic component.

A

Mitosis

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2
Q

___________ is programmed cell death controlled by genetic elements

A

Apoptosis

ex) RBC- 120 days

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3
Q

Neoplasm is another word for:

A

tumor

neo = new
plasm = growth

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4
Q

A ___________ no longer responds to normal genetic controls

A

neoplasm/tumor

[continues to reproduce, without the need for it to]

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5
Q

A neoplasm/tumor may become greedy and

A

deprive other cells of nutrition
may create its own blood supply

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6
Q

Characteristics of each tumor depends on:

A

type of cell from which tumor arises
unique structure/ growth pattern

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7
Q

Benign tumors usually have the suffix :

A

-Oma

ex) adenoma

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8
Q

Malignant tumors usually have the suffix :

A

-Carcinoma

ex) adenocarcinoma

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9
Q

Tumors of connective tissues are usually termed:

A

Sarcomas

~often malignant

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10
Q

Several malignant tumors have unique names, such as:

A

Hodkin’s disease
Wilms’ tumor
Leukemia

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11
Q

Benign VS malignant tumors:

A

Benign
~differentiated cells/ normal cells
~Slower growth
~Encapsulated
~local spread only

Malignant
~undifferentiated, varying nonfunctional cells
~rapid reproduction
~No capsule
~infiltrate into surrounding tissue; spread to distant sites
~often systemic effects; usually become life threatening

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12
Q

Local effects of tumors

A

~Pain (usually later stage)
~Obstruction (tumor compresses duct/passageway)
~tissue necrosis/ ulceration

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13
Q

Systemic effects of tumors

A

~Weight loss/ cachexia
~Anemia
~Severe fatigue
~effusion (inflammation>fluid build up)
~Infections
~Bleeding
~Paraneoplastic syndrome [affect neurological function or hormonal effects due to enzymes excreted from tumor]

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14
Q

Diagnostic tests for cancer:

A

Routine screening
Self-examination
Blood tests
Radiographic, ultrasound, MRI, CT
Biopsies/cytology

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15
Q

Invasion VS metastasis of malignant tumors

A

Invasion
~local spread
~tumor cells grow into adjacent tissues

Metastasis
~spread to distant sites
~Via blood, lymph, or other body fluids

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16
Q

Staging cancer, means?

TMN system:

A

how far away has the cancer spread

TMN system

T- size of primary tumor
M- spread (metastasis) of tumor
N- involvement of regional lymph nodes

17
Q

Cell-mediated immunity recognizes some tumor cells and:

A

destroys them

18
Q

4 cancer treatments include:

A

surgery
chemotherapy
immunotherapy
radiation

Or a combination^

19
Q

Adverse effects of radiation include:

A

Bone marrow depression
epithelial cell damage
infertility
Fatigue> depression

20
Q

Adverse effects of chemotherapy include:

A

Bone marrow depression
nausea
epithelial cell damage
damage to specific areas

21
Q

______________ inhibitors inhibit the stimulus for growth of blood vessels

A

Angiogenesis

22
Q

Why are cancer patients often malnourished?

A

change in taste sensation
anorexia
vomiting/diarrhea from treatments
sore mouth/ tooth loss
pain/ fatigue
Malabsorption due to inflammation in GI

23
Q

__________ cancers arise from epithelial tissue

A

Carcinoma

24
Q

___________ cancers arise from connective tissue

A

Sarcoma

25
Q

Which type of cancers arise from bone marrow stem cells and always originate in the bone marrow?

A

Leukemia

26
Q

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of malignant tumors?

Malignant tumors have a tendency to invade :

A

surrounding tissue.

27
Q

Tumor cell markers can be used to:

A

follow the clinical course of tumor development.
screen individuals for cancer.
assist in the diagnosis of tumor type.

28
Q

Tumor grading is performed to determine:

A

the degree of differentiation in the tumor cells.

29
Q

Cancer cells stimulate blood vessel growth toward the tumor by releasing:

A

angiogenic factors.

30
Q

Cancer-causing mutations to proto-oncogenes result in: increased

A

increased cell division.

31
Q

Which mutational routes is necessary to cause cancer with a tumor suppressor gene mutation?

A

Deletion of both copies of a tumor suppressor alleles

32
Q

Exposure to ionizing radiation is linked to all of the following cancers except:

leukemia.
breast cancer.
melanoma.
thyroid cancer.

A

melanoma.

33
Q

Obesity is an important risk factor for all of the following cancers except:

leukemia.
esophageal cancer.
breast cancer.
colon cancer.

A

leukemia.

34
Q

A tumor that has regional lymph node involvement only is classified as stage:

A

II

Pathophysiology (23 decks)

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