Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Question 1

Acetyl coenzyme A; entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

Answer 1

Acetyl CoA

Question 2

A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms

Answer 2

Aerobic Respiration

Question 3

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing CO2

Answer 3

Alcohol Fermentation

Question 4

Complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. Found in inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic and plasma membrane of prokaryotic

Answer 4

ATP Synthase

Question 5

A graph in which the independent variable represent groups or nonnumerical categories and values of the dependent variables are shown by bars

Answer 5

Bar Graph

Question 6

Metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to 2-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA

Answer 6

Beta Oxidation

Question 7

Catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and uses an electron transport chain for production of ATP

Answer 7

Cellular Respiration

Question 8

Energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.

Answer 8

Chemiosmosis

Question 9

Chemical cycle involving 8 steps that completes metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and cytosol in prokaryotic cells. 2nd step in cellular respiration.

Answer 9

Citric Acid Cycle

Question 10

Iron containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains int he mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells

Answer 10

Cytochrome

Question 11

A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

Answer 11

Electron transport chain

Question 12

An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation when oxygen is not present

Answer 12

Facultative Anaerobe

Question 13

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product

Answer 13

Fermentation

Question 14

A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.

Answer 14

Glycolysis

Question 15

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of CO2

Answer 15

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Question 16

Oxidized form of NAD, a co-enzyme that can accept electrons, becoming NADH (stores electrons temporarily during cellular respiration)

Answer 16

NAD+

Question 17

Reduced form of NAD that temporarily stores electrons during cellular respiration. NADH acts as an electron donor to the electron transport chain

Answer 17

NADH

Question 18

Organism that carries out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use O2 and will be poisoned.

Answer 18

Obligate Anaerobe

Question 19

The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

Answer 19

Oxidation

Question 20

Production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; 3rd major stage of cellular respiration

Answer 20

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 21

The electron acceptor in redox reaction

Answer 21

Oxidizing Agent

Question 22

The potential energy stored in the form of a proton electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen cations across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis

Answer 22

Proton‐Motive Force

Question 23

A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation

Answer 23

Redox Reaction

Question 24

The electron donor in redox reaction

Answer 24

Reducing Agent

Question 25

The complete or partial gain of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

Answer 25

Reduction

Question 26

The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

Answer 26

Substrate‐Level Phosphorylation