ET: Artificial Light and BSE

Question 1

Caslick’s vulvoplasty

Answer 1

Protects the uterus from ascending infection or contamination of the vulvar lips, vestibular sphincter and cervix

Question 2

Common lesions seen with a perineal examination

Answer 2

Melanomas, squamous cell carcinoma
Lacerations (secondary to dystocia)

Question 3

Bacterial population in the uterus

Answer 3

↓ from outermost to innermost
Perineum → vestibule → vagina → cervix → uterus
Normal uterine lumen is sterile

Question 4

Uterine culture

Answer 4

99% aerobes
85% B-hemolytic strepococci
Few anaerobes (E. coli)

Question 5

T/F: Always confirm mare is open (not pregnant) before doing a Cx or Bx (biopsy)

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

When do you perform a biopsy?

Answer 6

Pre-purchase, gross abnormalities, pyo or mucometra, mare bred but still open, history of EED or fetal death, genital sx

Question 7

When is an endometrial biopsy necessary?

Answer 7

Third degree rectovaginal fistula
Chronic pyometra

Question 8

Endometrial biopsy

Answer 8

Determines the ability of the endometrium to sustain a pregnancy to term gestation
Reveals: inflammatory cells, condition of uterine glands and lymphatics and periglandular fibrosis

Question 9

Endometrium

Answer 9

Folds from lips of the uterine horns to the internal cervical os
Luminal epithelium + lamina propria

Question 10

Endometrial biopsy classification + Foaling %

Answer 10

1 (80%), 2a (50-80%, 2b (30-50%) and 3 (10%)

Question 11

Uterine defense mechanisms against recurrent endometritis

Answer 11

Phagocytosis (PMNs)
Local uterine Ab mediated (serum proteins, Igs)
Physical clearance (bacteria and inflamm. products)

Question 12

Susceptible mare following breeding

Answer 12

Persistent inflamm.
↑ micovascular permeability
Fluid accum.
Interference with conception or results in EED

Question 13

Physical clearance mechanism for uterine contamination or infection

Answer 13

Myometrial electrical activity in resistant and susceptible mares similar for first 6-8 hrs
Resistant: activity continues up to 24 hrs
Susceptible: activity drops off

Question 14

Post-mating induced endometritis (PMIE)

Answer 14

Treated with uterine irrigation and ecbolics
Acute treated with abx
Mycolytics, steroids and buffered chelating agents

Question 15

Options for uterine therapy

Answer 15

Oxytocin post-breeding *, if ineffective:
Uterine flush or intrauterine abx (saline flush before), systemic abx
Once daily 3-5 days

Question 16

Primary rule outs for Large Ovary Syndrome (LOS)

Answer 16

Persistent follicles, hematomas and granulosa cell tumor

Question 17

Persistent follicle

Answer 17

Late vernal, early autumnal transition
Prolonged estrus
Large, fluid filled structure

Question 18

Hematoma

Answer 18

Ovulatory
Recently in estrus, teasing out
Large, fluid filled with speckles and ground glass, luteinize in time

Question 19

Granulosa cell tumor

Answer 19

Any season
Opposite ovary ↓ size and activity
80% estrus, 15% ↑ aggression, 5% chr. estrus behavior
Swiss cheese, fenestrations

Question 20

Tx of granulosa cell tumor

Answer 20

Ovariectomy of affected gland

Question 21

Secondary rule outs for LOS

Answer 21

Teratoma, dysgerminoma, abscess

Question 22

Ovarian abscess

Answer 22

Any season
Enlarged fluid core of ovary
OVX of affected gland

Question 23

Teratoma

Answer 23

Mixture of cells: menisci, bone, joint fluid, teeth, hair
Structures filled with a viscous, dark red and black fluid
↑ in size (ovary)