Reproductive failure and emergencies in swine

Question 1

Most common reason for culling

Answer 1

Insufficient reproductive performance: no pregnancy, too little piglets weaned, no estrus

Question 2

Female related signs of reproductive failure

Answer 2

Anestrus post-weaning sows
Regular and irregular return in heat
No pregnancy
Abortion
Peripartum difficulties

Question 3

Male related signs of reproductive failure

Answer 3

Age
Systemic diseases
Genetics
Season/ temperature
# of matings
Azoospermia/ oligospermia

Question 4

Shared signs related to reproductive failure

Answer 4

Repeat breeding and fewer piglets per litter

Question 5

Prolonged weaning to estrus interval (WEI)

Answer 5

95% in heat within 7 days from weaning
Primiparous in summertime (acyclic ovaries)

Question 6

Failure to detect heat

Answer 6

Silent heat
Fail if not using a mature boar

Question 7

Cystic ovarian disorder

Answer 7

Nymphomania
Cystic ovarian follicles seen in sows culled du to insufficient reproductive performance

Question 8

Zearalenone in pigs

Answer 8

Produced by Fusarium granineraum and F. culmorum
Affects corn, wheat, sorghum, barely and rye
Mold germinates with moisture levels above 20% and temps from 65-85F

Question 9

Acute signs of Zearalenone

Answer 9

Vulvovaginitis
Vulva reddening
Vulva swelling
Ceased embryo development

Question 10

Chronic signs of Zearalenone

Answer 10

Irreg estrus cycle
Reduced birth size of piglet
Vaginal or rectal prolapse
↑ # of mummies

Question 11

Signs of Zearalenone in boars

Answer 11

Enlargement of mammary gland and testicular atrophy

Question 12

Boar with history of lower litter size

Answer 12

Chromosomal abnormalities
Large white, swedish large white and Gasconne breeds
New translocation rcp

Question 13

Penile injuries

Answer 13

Incidence is 64-95% in boars but not barrows

Question 14

Parvovirus @ <30 days of gestation

Answer 14

Embryonic death with resorption= infertility or ↓ litter sizes

Question 15

Parvovirus between 30-70 days of gestation

Answer 15

Fetal mummification

Question 16

Parvovirus diagnosis

Answer 16

Most often in gilts
Infection endemic and inapparent
Dx by IFAT of lungs of mummies (<16 cm long)

Question 17

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)- Arterivirus

Answer 17

Late gestation abortions, stillbirths, premature farrowing, birth of weak (squeaker)
Respiratory symptoms in the dam
Improved reproductive performance after 3-5 months

Question 18

PRRS diagnosis

Answer 18

PCR on serum from acutely ill sows
Serology on convalescent sows
PCR/ fluids from aborted piglets

Question 19

Leptospirosis

Answer 19

Abortions and stillbirths in late pregnancy
Piglets weak and die within a few days
Focal nephritis and hepatitis in fetuses or older

Question 20

Leptospirosis diagnosis

Answer 20

Herd serology
IFAT, PCR on fetal tissues

Question 21

Pseudorabies (PRV)- Herpesvirus

Answer 21

Initially abortions or respiratory signs
CNS or sudden death in young piglets
Mortality high, ↓ with age

Question 22

Pseudorabies diagnosis

Answer 22

Serology, virus isolation, IHC, PCR
Eradicated from US since 2004

Question 23

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)- Family circoviridae

Answer 23

May cause myocolonia congenita
Sporadic outbreaks of fetal death/ mummification

Question 24

PCV2 diagnosis

Answer 24

PCR in serum or tissues of presuckle piglets with myoclonia congenita
Lesions and virus detectable in hearts of aborted/ mummified fetuses

Question 25

Brucellosis- Brucella suis

Answer 25

Infertility Reproductive failure Abortions at any stage of pregnancy Adults: lameness/ paralysis Older boars: orchitis

Question 26

Brucellosis important info

Answer 26

Nearing eradication in the US Serious zoonosis Dx:serologic tests

Question 27

Farrowing fever complex CS

Answer 27

Hard painful udder Slow parturition Constipation Failure to pass placentas Anorexia Fever pyrexia

Question 28

Treatment of farrowing fever complex

Answer 28

Remove any dead piglets and placenta Abx NSAIDs Oxytocin

Question 29

Postpartum problems

Answer 29

MMA complex: metritis, mastitis, agalactia Agalactia/ hypogalactia or dysgalactia Savaging, anorexia, constipation Downer sow syndrome: fractures Uterine/ vaginal/ rectal prolapse

Question 30

What is hypogalactia caused by?

Answer 30

Infectious diseases, hormonal imbalances, poor nutrition, molds, toxins, temp stresses

Question 31

Neonatal care

Answer 31

Dry, warm, free from drafts Stand 1-2 mins, suckles within 15 Temps 102-104F (lose heat rapidly)

Question 32

Colostrum

Answer 32

Piglets have colostrum within first hour IgG level drop 50% in first 6 hrs

Question 33

Split suckling

Answer 33

After the largest piglets nursed, remove them from the litter and place them in a heated box for 1-2 hrs

Question 34

Piglets processing

Answer 34

Iron deficiency: admin iron dextran IM Notch ears Cut tail Trim teeth and castration

Question 35

What are the most common causes of neonatal death

Answer 35

Stillbirth (premature rupture umbilicus cord, older sows) Trauma, chilling, starvation Diarrhea (E. coli, isosopora, clostridium p. C, TGE, rotavirus)