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.theriogenology > Small Ruminant Repro > Flashcards

Small Ruminant Repro Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Goals of small ruminant repro

A

Commercial, pets/ acreage sustainability, purebred/show

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2
Q

Ewe and doe anatomy

A

Bicornuate uterus, ringed cervix, caruncular pigment in black-faced sheep

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3
Q

Placenta of the ewe and doe

A

Epitheliochorial cotydedonary placenta
No commingling of fetal blood supply
Concave placentomes

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4
Q

Puberty and breeding of the ewe

A

Puberty: 6-8mo
Breeding age: 8-10mo and 60-70% mature wt
Breeding season: August- January (↑ darkness)

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5
Q

Estrous cycle in the ewe

A

Cycle: 14-19d (ave 17)
Estrus: 15-45 hrs (ave 30) with ovulation at the end of or after behavioral heat

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6
Q

Gestation length for the ewe

A

145-150 days or 5m

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7
Q

Puberty and breeding of the doe

A

Puberty: 6-8mo (3m for Nigerian or pygmy)
Breeding age: 6-10mo and 70% mature wt
Breeding season: August- March (↑ darkness)

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8
Q

Estrous cycle in the doe

A

Cycle: 18-22d (ave 21)
Estrus: 24-72 hrs (ave 36) with ovulation 12-36 hrs after behavioral heat

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9
Q

Gestation length of the doe

A

147-155 d (5m)

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10
Q

Estrus behavior

A

Seek out the male: fence line, vasectomized male, marking harness (sheep), buck rag (goat)
Vocalization ↑ and rapid tail wagging in the doe
Vulva area pinker

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11
Q

Estrual discharge in the doe

A

Clear mucous discharge at the start of estrus
Cloudy as estrus ends
Thick and caseous (normal)

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12
Q

Physiology of short-day breeders

A

Longer dark pds: less inhibition of the pineal gland
↑ melatonin secretion
Stimulate GnRH, FSH and LH produced

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13
Q

__________ during transition can ↑ OV rates

A

Flushing

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14
Q

Ram/Buck effect

A

Pheromones of the male induce cycling in females
Isolate males from females for 30-60d prior
LH surge and OV within 6d of intro of male

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15
Q

What is the Ram/Buck effect for?

A

Used to synchronize estrus

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16
Q

CIDR for breeding manipulation

A

CIDR used alone or with hormones (PG600, GnRH)

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17
Q

Light duration for breeding manipulation

A

18-20hrs for 60d then slowly ↓ to 8-10hrs
House male and female separately

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18
Q

Does that exhibit estrus every _________ are potentially _________. What do you treat it with?

A

5-7d
Cystic
Tx with GnRH and CIDR

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19
Q

Pregnancy Dx

A

US: rectal- early or abdominally- 45 -70d of gestation
Blood: pregnancy associated glycoprotein (PAG)
Urine: P test- estrone sulfate

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20
Q

Sheep pregnancy maintenance

A

CL only required until 50-60d of gestation

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21
Q

Goat pregnancy maintenance

A

CL required throughout pregnancy

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22
Q

Parturition

A

3-6hrs
Stage 1: 1-4 hrs
Stage 2: up to 2 hrs, multiple kids within 30-45min
Stage 3: 1-4 hrs, longer for first fresheners

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23
Q

Causes of dystocia in the ewe/doe

A

Fetal postural abnormalities*
Incomplete dilation, fetal monster, simultaneous presentation during delivery of multiple kids/ lambs, fetal-maternal disproportion

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24
Q

Induction of parturition of ewes

A

After 142d gestation
Dexamethasome
Lambs within 48 hrs

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25
Induction of parturition in does
After 144d gestation PGF2a (cloprostenol), dexamethasone if pregnancy toxemia Kidding within 30 hrs
26
Vaginal prolapse
Prepartum (3w before lambing) Caused by genetics, tail docked too short, too fat, resp. dz
27
Tx of vaginal prolapse
Cleanse with mild soap Gently replace +/- lidocaine epidural Maintaining cervix (harness, sutures, paddle)
28
T/F: cull ewe/doe post-weaning of her lamb and kid if she has a vaginal prolapse
TRUE *don't keep offspring*
29
Uterine prolapse
Postpartum random occurrence (dystocia) Emergency
30
Tx of uterine prolapse
Cleanse with mild soap and water Gently replace +/- caudal epidural (lidocaine) Suture/harness NSAIDs, broad spectrum antimicrobials +/- calcium
31
Pseudopregnancy in goats
Hydrometra or "cloudburst" Prolonged luteal phase Sheep/goat hybrids, out of season breeding, last estrus of breeding season, EED or abortion with retained CL
32
Signs of pseudopregnancy in goats
Anestrus ↑ abdominal signs Behavioral signs of pregnancy Udder development
33
Tx and Dx pseudopregnancy in goats
US and tx with PGF2a
34
Infectious abortion
Most common cause of abortion: infectious cause Chlamydophilia/ Chlamydia abortus, toxoplasma gondii, campylobacter
35
Abortion in sheep and goats
Later term Submit placenta for dx Abortion causing organisms are zoonotic: coxiella, listeria, toxoplasmosis, campylobacter/vibrio
36
Campylobacter Abortion
C. fetus fetus: abortion storms C. jejuni: sporadic cases of abortion Oral transmission
37
CS of campylobacter
Stillbirths, weak lambs Focal areas of necrosis in liver (target lesions)
38
Tx campylobacter abortion
Antimicrobials with penicillin or tetracycline (resistance common now)
39
Chlamydophilia/ Chlamydia abortus
Transmitted via oronasal exposure Abortions in last 2-3w of gestation (necrotizing placentitis) Infection maintained in chronic carriers
40
Control of C. abortus
Vx: 8w and 4w pre-breeding (repeat annually, don't eliminate infection, prevents abortion) Remove aborting females for 3w
41
Tx of C. abortus
Oxytetracycline in the last 4-6w of gestation
42
Q fever abortion
Coxiella burnetti 3rd semester abortions Necrotic placentitis with abortion storms in cattle, sheep and goats
43
Transmission of Q fever
Contact with contaminated tissues or fluid Spread by wind in dry dusty conditions Ticks minor source
44
Brucellosis and abortion
B. ovis: ram dz B. melitensis: rare in US but zoonotic Third trimester abortion from placentitis, causes malta fever in humans, goat-specific, abortion in sheep
45
Parasitic causes of abortion
Toxoplasmosis Stillbirths, necrotic foci on cotyledons (pepperoni lesions)
46
Viral causes of abortion
Bluetongue: skeletal deformities, hydrocephalus Border Dz: hairy shaker, skeletal deformities, neuro deficits
47
Artificial insemination
Vaginal in goats and laparoscopic in sheep Male not needed on farms
48
AI equipment
Semen tank (liquid nitrogen) Goat AI gun Vaginal speculums Light source Thermometer, straw cutter, thawing jaw and sterile lubricant
49
Significance of the male reproductive tract
Urethral process (urinary canniculi common @ the end)
50
Physiology of the Ram
Puberty: 6m Breeding age: 8-10m Breeding season Aug- Jan (↑ darkness)
51
Ram breeding ratio
3-3.5 mature rams / 100 ewes 4-7 rams/ 100 ewes
52
Physiology of the Buck
Puberty: 4m (2m in pygmy and nigerians) Breeding age: 6-10m Breeding season: peaks with ↑ darkness
53
Buck breeding ratio
3-4 mature bucks / 100 does 4-7 rams/ 100 does if <1yr
54
Ram selection
Select male offspring of high producing ewes for optimal fertility: #of lambs born, wt. of lambs weaned, ewes lambing early in the season Co-twin to a male Structural soundness and libido
55
Buck selection
Progeny testing for traits: dairy, fiber, meat Testicular size: large testicles and high quality semen Avoid phenotypically polled bucks
56
Reasons for poor reproductive performance
Poor leg conformation Arthritis Splay toes
57
Buck rut behavior
Urinate on front legs and face Blubbering Challenging behavior (lowering head, rearing, shoving) Guarding behavior (keeping you away from does)
58
Body condition
BCS 3.5 to 4/5 @ the start of breeding season
59
Causes of male infertility
Epididymitis Ulcerative posthitis Sperm Granulomas Varicocoele Caprine Intersex Syndrome
60
Epididymitis
Impt. dz in rams (reportable) Brucella ovis most common, esp. in mature rams Exposure via mm
61
Epididymitis transmission
Passive venereal infection: infected ram breeds ewe, or clean ram breeds ewe Ram to ram: group-housed rams
62
Infected rams excrete B. ovis in ______
semen
63
B. ovis infection in ewes
More resistant 15-30% ↓ in lambing rates with chronic infection Conception failure, embryonic death, abortions, stillbirths, weak lambs
64
Pathogenesis of B. ovis infection
Exposure via mm → Bacteremia → epididymitis/ seminal vesculitis → spem granuloma → reduced fertility
65
CS of epididymitis
↓ semen quality + WBC in semen Scrotal swelling Infection in seminal vesicles Chronic infection → obstruction of epididymal ducts
66
Epididymitis dx
ELISA (97% sensitivity, 100% specificity)
67
Epididymitis prevetion
Segregate rams by age Perform yearly BSE of all rams Newly purchased animals: 2 - ELISA tests, Purchase from B. ovis free flock, 30d quarantine
68
Epididymitis in young rams
<2yrs Actinobacillus seminis, histophilus, corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (caseous lymphadenitis) Cx from prepuce, penis, oral and nasal cavities
69
Transmission of lamb epididymitis
Shed organism in preputial secretions and semen @ puberty Ram to ram via oral or nasal route (blood) Retrograde migrattion via urethra
70
CS of acute lamb epididymitis
Enlarged epididymus and swollen testes +/- fever, anorexia and depression Lame from pain Semen with leukos and bacteria
71
CS of chronic lamb epididymitis
Obstruction of ductus deferens, granulomas or abscesses Testicular atrophy Bacteria clear by 12-15m
72
Prognosis of lamb epididymitis
Some individuals may recover and be fertile breeders Prognosis depends on severity
73
Tx of lamb epididymitis
Oxytetracycline Segregate infected lambs/ cull Use low chlortetracycline in feed
74
Ulcerative Posthitis (Pizzle Rot)
Corynebacterium renale in sheep, goats and camelids
75
Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Posthitis
High protein ration (16-18%) → ↑ concentration of urea in urine → hydrolysis of urea → ammonia by C. renale→ ulceration of skin at muco-cutaneous junction of prepuce
76
Tx of Ulcerative Posthitis
Clean and debride wound Apply abx ointment Reduce dietary protein to 12-13% Sexual rest for 1m
77
Ulcerative Posthitis complications
Fibrosis of preputial orifice can cause phimosis (inability to extend penis)
78
Varicocoeles
Dilation and thrombosis of internal spermatic vein No tx, don't use for breeding
79
Varicocoeles CS
Fluctant to firm swelling in spermatic cord Ram lame or awkward gait Poor thermoregulation affects semen quality
80
Sperm Granuloma
More common in goats and sheep Caused by blockage of efferent ducts draining into epididymus (duct distention and rupture) No tx
81
Sperm granuloma palpation findings
Acute: swollen, edematous testes, enlarged epididymus Chronic: small, firm US: hyperechoic (mineralization)
82
Caprine Intersex Condition
More prevalent in polled dairy goats XX sex reversal due to loss of ovary determining genes that are linked to the polled trait Genetically female and appears female @ birth
83
CS of Caprine Intersex Condition
Enlarged clitorus, ↑ or ↓ anogenital distance Bilateral cryptorchidism or partially descended testes Hypospadia, sperm granulomas, hypoplastic testes
84
Avoid breeding _______________-
Phenotypically polled bucks

.theriogenology (36 decks)

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