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physical education paper 1 > Sociological Theory Applied To Equal Opportunities > Flashcards

Sociological Theory Applied To Equal Opportunities Flashcards

1
Q

society

A

An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared interest

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2
Q

socialisation

A

a lifelong process where members of society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society

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3
Q

primary socialisation

A

Refers to the socialisation during the early years of childhood which takes place mainly with the immediate family
- Internalisation – the learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself

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4
Q

secondary socialisation

A
  • This occurs during later years – teen and adult
  • Family is less involved and other ‘agencies’ are set up for socialisation process and begin to exert more influence (peer groups, friends, schools)
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5
Q

gender socialisation

A

The act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation

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6
Q

social processes

A
  • social control
  • social change
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7
Q

social control

A
  • Social control – a concept that refers to the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems
  • Institutions can influence us – an established organisation founded for religious, educational, professional or social purpose
  • related to sport;
    >Behaviour of footballers vs rugby players
    >Etiquette in sport
    >General participation levels of sport for men and women in specific sports
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8
Q

social change

A
  • Social change occurs when institutions re-adjust to meet ‘new needs’ of groups in society such as women
  • Example is leisure centres provide more creches now so females (or males) can participate in sporting activities and have childcare at same place
  • Definition of social change – an alteration in the social order of society
  • certain ethnic groups such as indians face restrictions on their participation
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9
Q

what is this girl can

A

campaign to bring about social changes in the way womens participation in sport and physical activity is viewed

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10
Q

what is kick it out

A

campaign to bring about social change in relation to ethnicity by increasing awareness of racial issues within society

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11
Q

inequality

A

Social issues – problems that affect many people in society
Inequality – the unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly in society
- Types of inequality
>Gender
>Ethnic or racial
>Economic

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12
Q

causes of inequality - MR MC

A
  • Lack of money/costs of participating
  • Lack of confidence/self-esteem
  • Lack of role models to aspire to as participants/coaches/leaders of sports organisations in positions of responsibility
  • Myths or stereotypes in some sections of society about the capabilities of women, ethnic minorities and disabled people
    > M – Money
    > R – Role models
    > M – myths
    > C - Confidence
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13
Q

social structures + stratification

A
  • social stratifiation is the idea that people are divided into different hierarcies, where some are deemed more important than others
  • can still be seen now adays and people with more money have better access to equpitment and better training facilities than those with less money
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14
Q

social class in schools

A
  • children from low income may have poorer health which may therefore effect their sporting ability
  • less money for equiptment or additional coaching
  • schools may therefore magnifie social classes
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15
Q

social classes in sports clubs

A
  • extra-curricular may be negatively affected by working class expectations on children to carry out domestic responsibilities
  • economic inequalities are also likely to impact on membership of sports clubs increassing the likelihood of upper + middle class joining clubs more than the working class
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16
Q

social action theory

A
  • social action theory = a way of viewing socilaisation, emphasising social action
  • that means that society is made up of people and the way that society turns out is dependent on what the people in it are like.
  • social action dependent on the relationships that people have in a group
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17
Q

the interactionist approach

A
  • also part of the social action theory
  • looks at the way people behave in society
  • states that it is people who create society because it is people that create sport thats in the society then it is the society that deems what is socially acceptable and the ‘norm’
  • can be useful to;
    > alter sports to match those playing
    > make organisations more democratic
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18
Q

sports impact on society

A
  • highlights inequalities
  • influences ideas around masculinity + femininity
  • influences ideas around ethnicity
  • influences ideas around disabilities
  • contributes to sense of national pride
  • targets social problems
19
Q

equal opportunities

A
  • part of the british law - hence sued if not compliant
    -definitions;
    > equal opportunities = the right to access the same opportunities regardless of age, gender, sex
    > prejudice = to form an unfavourable opinion of an individual
    > discrimination = the unfair treatment of a person
    > stereotyping = making simple generalisations about a group of people
20
Q

sport Englands equality + diversity policy

A
  • believe sporting opportunities should be open to all and we are committed to;
    1. developing a culture that enables + values everyones full involvement
    2. creating an environment in which everyone has opportunities to compete, play, officiate, coach
    3. overcoming potential barriers for those wishing to play sport particularly if they are from groups who re currently under-represented in sport
21
Q

tyes of discrimination

A
  1. overt discrimination = visible/obvious - verbal abuse etc
  2. covert discrimination = hidden/less obvious - not selecting a captain based on their race
22
Q

benefits of raising participation

A

Health = increased health + fitness, lower body weight, lower blood pressure + stress level, raised self-esteem - less strain on NHS, lower obesity levels
Social = Improved social skills and ability to make friendships - Increased community integration, increase community morale
Crime = more positive use of free time - lower crime stats
Employment = Increased productivity at work, lower absenteeism - workplace/employer benefits as less time off work/higher productivity rates
Economic = Increased spending on healthy pursuits - More money is put in economy via increased ‘leisure-spend’

23
Q

barriers to participation + possible solutions

A

> Lack of time = Add physical activity to routine e.g. walk to work
Negative social influences – poor PE experiences = Invite them to exercise with you, try something new with them, build exercise into something they enjoy
Lack of motivation = Do with friends and family
Lack of skill = Select activities with limited skill needed. Start with beginners class
Lack of resources/cost of participation = Select activities which require few facilities/limited equipment, Look into support can get
Family obligations/domestic responsibilities = Exercise with children

24
Q

under-represented groups

A
  • disability
  • ethnicity
  • gender
25
Q

barriers to participation for disability

A
  • Negative self image
  • Relatively low income levels – cost of participation can be high due to travel, equipment etc
  • Lack of access into and around facilities
  • Lack of organised programmes
  • Low levels of media coverage/few role models
  • Lack of specialist coaches/clubs/competitions to access
  • Myths/stereotypes about capabilities of disabled athletes
26
Q

solutions for barriers to participation for disability

A
  • Providing more opportunities for success – improved access and facilities
  • Increased investment in disabled sport
  • Providing transport to facilities
  • Increased media coverage
  • Training more specialist coaches and setting up more clubs
  • Educating people on myths and stereotypes
  • Designing activities specifically for individuals with disabilities
  • Specialist organisations such as English Federation for Disability Sport
27
Q

ethnicity key terms

A

Race – the physical characteristics of an individual
Racism – a set of beliefs or ideas based on the assumptions that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give some races an intrinsic superiority over other: may lead to physical or verbal abuse
Ethnic groups – people who have racial, religious or linguistic traits in common

28
Q

examples of racism in sport

A
  1. Stacking – the disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions in a sports team, which tends to be based on the stereotype that they are more valuable for their physicality than their decision making and communication qualities.
  2. Channelling – ethnic minorities may be pushed into certain sports and even certain positions within a team, based on assumptions about them
29
Q

causes of under-representation of ethnic groups in physical activity

A
  • Conflict with religious/cultural observations (e.g. particular concern with Muslim women)
  • A higher value placed on education opposed to sporting participation; discouragement from family and friends
  • Fear or racism/racist abuse, prejudice, discrimination
  • Fewer role models – especially in high power roles such as coaching and management
  • Fear of rejection/low levels of self-esteem
  • Stereotyping/attempts at channelling ethnic minorities into certain sports and away from others
  • Language barriers may exist
30
Q

possible solutions to racism

A
  • Training more ethnic coaches, teachers etc
  • Ensuring there is single sex provision – help Muslim women participate
  • Publicising and punishing severely any racist abuse
  • Ensuring provision in PE programmes is appropriate for all ethnic preferences
  • Organising campaigns against racism in sport
  • Kick it out is football’s equality and inclusion organisation
31
Q

gender barriers to participation

A
  • Lack of time and money
  • School PE programmes – fewer opportunities
  • Less media coverage
  • Fewer role models
  • Stereotypical myths
  • Fewer sponsorship opportunities/less funding
  • Lack of fitness, low self-confidence, body image issues
  • Lack of leisure time
  • Lack of disposable income
  • Channelling women into certain ‘female sports’
  • Fewer leagues, competitions etc
32
Q

solutions for gender barriers against particiation

A
  • Introduce/enforce laws which make sex discrimination unlawful in many spheres of life
  • Encourage greater social acceptance of women in jobs, sport etc
  • Encourage shared domestic/childcare responsibilities
  • Increase media coverage
  • Increase sponsorship
  • Provide education to fix stereotypical myths
  • Provide more opportunities for girls to be in sport
33
Q

benefits of raising participation in physical activity + sport

A
  • Health Benefits
  • Fitness Benefits
  • Social benefits
34
Q

health benefits

A
  • Decreased risk of heart disease
  • Avoidance of low/high blood pressure
  • Decreased risk of type 2 diabetes
  • Maintaining a healthy weight/decreased risk of obesity
  • Strengthening of bones and muscles/decreased risk of osteoporosis and back pain
  • Improved mental health and stress management; decreased risk of conditions such as anxiety and depression
  • Decreased risk of some cancers (e.g. colon cancer and breast cancer)
35
Q

fitness benefits

A
  • Improved posture
  • Improved body shape/body tone as a result of weight loss
  • Improved cardiovascular fitness
  • Improved muscular strength/muscular endurance
  • Improved flexibility
  • Improved agility/balance/coordination
  • Improved speed/power
  • Improved reaction time
36
Q

social benefits

A
  • Raised levels of chemicals such as serotonin and endorphins which help with calmness and happiness
  • Improved sleep patterns
  • Boost persons mood/increased concentration which allows better social relationships
  • Confidence and self-esteem will improve of social and emotional health improves
  • New friendships
37
Q

sport england

A

committed to providing sporting opportunities for all and putting in place schemes to overcome the barriers to participation.
key principles to hel achieve their goals;
1. focusing money + resources on tackling inactivity
2. investing more in children at the age of 5
3. help those active now to continu participation
4. helping sport + leisure to be more welcoming + inclusive

38
Q

local partners

A
  • Sport England invest in/fund 49 County Sports Partnerships (CSP)
  • CSPs work with sport/physical activity providers, local authorities, health organisations,
  • Between 2012 – 2017 Sport England committed themselves to over £1 billion of national lottery and exchequer funding in organisations and projects aiming to:
  • Help more people have a sporting habit for life
  • Create more opportunities for young people to play sport
  • Nurture and develop talent
  • Provide the right facilities in the right places
  • Support local authorities and unlock local funding
  • Ensure real opportunities for communities
39
Q

national partners

A
  • England Federation of Disability Sport (EFDS) – charity dedicated to increasing participation in sport and physical activity among disabled people
  • Sporting equals – an organisation which exists to actively promote greater involvement by disadvantaged communities and particularly in the black and ethnic (BME) population
  • Women in sport or WSFF (old name) – aims to make being active more attractive to women and teenage girls
  • Street Games – national charity dedicated to developing sport to disadvantaged communities
40
Q

national schemes for disability that sport england help fund

A

Inclusive sport
Places people play
Get Equipped

41
Q

national schemes for women that sport england help fund

A

I will if you will
Active women – Breeze (getting girls into bike riding), back to Netball, Us Girls (disadvantaged girls)
This girl can

42
Q

national schemes for ethnicity that sport england help fund

A

Sporting Equals

43
Q

investment into national governing bodies

A

Whole Sport Plans: a business plan/document submitted to Sport
England outlining each national governing body’s strategies to grow
participation and enhance talent over the four-year period the Whole Sports Plan is in operation (was between 2013 – 17)
- Rowability – rebranding of adaptive rowing for disabled athletes

physical education paper 1 (17 decks)

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