TEST 3 Flashcards
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O
24 electron redox reaction
what does glucose breakdown during glycolysis?
2 pyruvate
reactions that are used to capture energy during cellular respiration?
-substrate level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation
pyruvate
3 carbon molecule
where does glycolysis occur
in the cytoplasm
every intermediate compound between glucose and pyruvate is what
phosphorylated
keeps the intermediate inside the cell
kinase function
transfers phosphoryl group from high energy molecule
isomerase function
catalyzes the interconversions of isomers
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
&
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate - used directedly in glycolysis
dihydroxyacetone - not used in glycolysis turned into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate by isomerase
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate turns into what
13 bisphosphoglycerate
only added another phosphate group
dehydrogenase
catalyzes redox reactions by tranfering electrons to electron acceptor
mutase
catalyzes intramolecular shift of a chemical group
Net reaction for glycolysis
Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD -> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH +2H + 2H2O
how many electrons are transfered in glycolysis
4 electrons
how many molecules of CO2 is produce in glycolysis
0
is O2 used in glycolysis
no
What other molecules serve as reactants in glycolysis
ADP Pi NAD+
what created this change?
kinase
what created this change?
isomerase
what created this change?
kinase
what created this change?
aldolase
what created this change?
isomerase
what created this change?
dehydrogenase
what created this change?
kinase
where does the TCA cycle take place
inside the mitochondrial matrix for eukaryotes
inside the cytoplasm for prokaryotes
fates of pyruvate
lactate
acetyle CoA
acetaldehyde then ethanol
what occurs in the pyruvate to ethanol fermentation pathway?
-regeneration of NADH to NAD+ to keep glycolysis going to generate ATP
what occurs in the pyruvate to lactate pathway?
-regeneration of NAD+ from NADH to continue glycolysis
what occurs in the pyruvte to acetyle CoA pathway?
–regeneration of NADH from NAD+
-attaches CoA group to Acetyl group from pyruvate
-o2 is needed to
gluconeogenesis
-synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors
-occurs in liver, small amts in kidneys
-maintains glucose concentration in blood
-thermodynamically unfavorable
oxaloacetate is only used where
gluconeogenesis
TCA cycle
after turning oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate what are the reactions that take place to get back to the start of glycolysis?
The exact same reactions that occured in glycolysis occur in gluconeogenesis after the creation of phosphoenolpyruvate but rather in the reverse direction
in gluconeogenesis once fructose 1,6 bisphosphate is created what then occurs?
a phosphatase is introduced to cleave off 1 of the phosphates to get back to glucose
net gluconeogenesis reaction
2 pyruvate + 4ATP + 2GTP +2NADH + 2H + 6H2O = glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 6 Pi + 2NAD+
6 nucleotide triphosphates required to turn an energetically unfavable process into a favorable process
∆G=-38kJ/mol
cori cycle
-glycolysis then gluconeogenesis
-done to allow muscle to generate ATP in the absence of oxygen
overall glycolysis byproducts
2 ATP
2 NADH
overall TCA cycle byproducts
NADH FADH2 GTP
conversion reactants and products of pyruvate to acetyl coA
reactants: uses CoA and NAD
products: Acetyl CoA and CO2 and NADH
prothetic groups of Acetyl CoA
TPP
lipoamide
FAD
TPP function
oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
lipoamide function
transfers acetyl group to CoA group
FAD function
regenerates oxidized form of lipoamide
Takes away hydrogens, reduces the sulfurs in lipoamide
where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur?
eukaryotes- in the matrix of the mitochondria
after pyruvate what must be present?
O2
once pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA what are its characteristics?
its irreversible
net products from pyruvate to acetyl CoA that isn’t carbon related
2 NADH
4 electron transfer
net products of glycolysis that isn’t carbon related
2 ATP
2NADH
1st halve of TCA cycle
oxidize carbon to CO2
2nd halve of TCA cycle
regenerate oxaloacetate (which is the starting material)
synthase
catalyzes the linking of 2 molecules
oxygen and TCA Cycle
indirectly needed
needs NAD+ and FAD which require 02 to regenerate
1st step of TCA cycle
binding of acetyl CoA to Oxaloacetate
bound by synthase
what created this?
synthase
what created this?
dehydrogenase
what created this?
dehydrogenase
succinate hydrogenase
same as complex 2 in electron transport chain
direct link between TCA cycle and electron transport chain
per glucose products from glycolysis to TCA cycle
4 CO2
6NADH
2FADH
2GTP or 2 ATP
how many acetyl per glucose?
2
how many products per glucose in TCA cycle
2 ATP
6 NADH
2FADH2
4CO2
glyoxylate cycle purpose
use acetyl CoA to create glucose
creates excess oxaloacetate to create glucose
used in plants and microorganisms
where are electron transport chain enzymes found
inner mitochondrial membrane
H pumped from matrix into inner mitochondrial membrane
electron gradient in mitochondria
charge gradient
3-4 H+ needed for ATP
complex 1 hydrogens get transported where
to Q pool protein