C3 photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of reaction is photosynthesis

A

anabolic and endergonic

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2
Q

chloroplast structure

A

double layer membrane bound organelle containing the stroma, grana containg stacks of thylakoids, ribosomes and a single circular chromosome with no introns

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3
Q

in what organisms does photosynthesis occur

A

in plant cells containg chlorophyll and some photosynthetic bacetria and protista

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4
Q

purpose of photosynthesis

A

to make glucose for use in cellular respiration in plant cells

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5
Q

what is the thylakoid memebrane

A

internal system of interconnected membranes, carry out the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

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6
Q

thylakoids

A

membranous sacks containg proteins complexes, chlorophyll, pigments and other accessory componenets - about 0;.25-0.08 microns in diameter

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7
Q

grana

A

sacks of 5-30 thylakoids, the phospholipid bilayer of the thylakoid is folded repeatedly into sacks to create grana, grana are connected by channels to form a single functional compartment seperate from the stroma

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8
Q

stroma

A

liquid filled interior of the chloroplast, the internal space enclosed by the chloroplast membrane excluding the thylakoid space, filled with colourless hydrophilic matrix, contains DNA, ribosomes and some temporary products of photosynthesis

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9
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

chloroplasts were once believed to have free-living photosynthetic prokaryotic cellsk, one of these photosynthetic microbes was engulfed by another microbial cell, but not digested by it, the 2 cells lived in symbiotic relationship, being replicated together when the prokayotic cell replicated itself

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10
Q

how is the structure of chloroplasts evidence of endosymbiotic theory

A

enclosed by a double-membrane envelope (similar to the outer and inner membranes present in the cell wall of some bacteria), posses circular double stranded DNA not enclosed by a nuclear membrane, have there own ribosomes, produce their own RNA and proteins, size in the range of bacterial cells

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11
Q

simplified equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2, with light above the arrow and chlorophyll below it

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12
Q

full equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O, with light above the arrow and chlorophyll below it

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13
Q

how is water obtained for photosynthesis

A

enters through the rooots via osmosis ammd the transpiration stream

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14
Q

how is water lost in a plant

A

roughly 90% of the wwater that enters the plants is lost via transpiration - evaporation of water vapour through the stomatal pores in the leaf

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15
Q

what factors increase transpiration

A

higher the heat and wind

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16
Q

what other uses does the plant have for water

A

needed for turgor pressure, most cellular activities need waater

17
Q

how does transpiration occur

A

water travels from the rootts to the leaves against gravity using the xylem, water is polar so adheres to the walls of the xylem and coheres to other water molecules, creating enough tension to form ‘columns’ of water in the plant, as water enters the roots from the soil via osmosis, these water columns are pushed upward, allowing water to reach the stomata to evaporate

18
Q

xylem

A

the tiisue that carries water up from tthe root to tthe leaf, contain strong cell walls made of lignin

19
Q

how does carbon dioxide enter the plant

A

via dissusion through the stomata

20
Q

where are stomata found

A

on the underside of the leaves to prevent excess evaporation of water vapour

21
Q

chlorophyll

A

traps light (photoreceptor), needed for carbon fixation

22
Q

how does light enter the leaf

A

absorbed by chlorphyll

23
Q

two stages of photosynthesis

A

light dependant stage, light independent stage

24
Q

where does the light dependent stage occur

A

grana/thylakoid of the chloroplast

25
Q

what occurs in the light dependent stage

A

chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and coverts the light energy to chemical energy, this causes electrons to become energized, causing the water molcules to split into hydrogens and oxygens, oxygen is realesed as a waste product, half the hydrogens are joined onto thee NADP+ to forms NADPH, the other half pass through atp synthase which allows ADP + P to be converted to ATP

26
Q

how is ATP formed

A

adding phosphate to ADP

27
Q

ATP synthase and photosytem I and II

A

enzymes embedded in the thylakoid membrane

28
Q

photosystem I and II

A

breaks h2o into hydrogens and O2

29
Q

how are the hydrogens transported to the light independent stage

A

12 pass through ATP synthase, following the concentartion gradient, other 12 are transported using NADPH

30
Q

light independent stage is aka

A

calvin cycle

31
Q

where does the light independent stage occur

A

stroma

32
Q

what occurs in the light independent stage

A

RuBisCo captures CO2, using energy provided by NADPH and ATP, carbons are broken off the CO2 and attach together, half the oxygens attach to the carbons, half the hydogens attach to the carbon-oxygen molecule to form glucose,, the other half of hydrogens attach to the remains oxygens to form h20

33
Q

inputs of the light dependent stage

A

water, light ADP + Pi, NADP+

34
Q

outputs of the light dependent stage

A

oxygen, NADPH, ATP

35
Q

inputs of the light independent stage

A

NADPH, ATP form light dependent stage and more, carbon dioxide

36
Q

outputs of the light indepedent stage

A

NADP+, glucose, ADP + Pi