C3 photosynthesis

Question 1

what type of reaction is photosynthesis

Answer 1

anabolic and endergonic

Question 2

chloroplast structure

Answer 2

double layer membrane bound organelle containing the stroma, grana containg stacks of thylakoids, ribosomes and a single circular chromosome with no introns

Question 3

where does photosynthesis occur

Answer 3

in plant cells containg chlorophyll and some photosynthetic bacetria and protista

Question 4

purpose of photosynthesis

Answer 4

to make glucose for use in cellular respiration in plant cells

Question 5

what is the thylakoid memebrane

Answer 5

internal system of interconnected membranes, carry out the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Question 6

thylakoids

Answer 6

membranous sacks containg proteins complexes, chlorophyll, pigments and other accessory componenets - about 0;.25-0.08 microns in diameter

Question 7

grana

Answer 7

sacks of 5-30 thylakoids, the phospholipid bilayer of the thylakoid is folded repeatedly into sacks to create grana, grana are connected by channels to form a single functional compartment seperate from the stroma

Question 8

stroma

Answer 8

liquid filled interior of the chloroplast, the internal space enclosed by the chloroplast membrane excluding the thylakoid space, filled with colourless hydrophilic matrix, contains DNA, ribosomes and some temporary products of photosynthesis

Question 9

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 9

chloroplasts were once believed to have free-living photosynthetic prokaryotic cellsk, one of these photosynthetic microbes was engulfed by another microbial cell, but not digested by it, the 2 cells lived in symbiotic relationship, being replicated together when the prokayotic cell replicated itself

Question 10

how is the structure of chloroplasts evidence of endosymbiotic theory

Answer 10

enclosed by a double-membrane envelope (similar to the outer and inner membranes present in the cell wall of some bacteria), posses circular double stranded DNA not enclosed by a nuclear membrane, have there own ribosomes, produce their own RNA and proteins, size in the range of bacterial cells

Question 11

simplified equation of photosynthesis

Answer 11

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2, with light above the arrow and chlorophyll below it

Question 12

full equation of photosynthesis

Answer 12

6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O, with light above the arrow and chlorophyll below it

Question 13

how is water obtained for photosynthesis

Answer 13

enters through the rooots via osmosis ammd the transpiration stream

Question 14

how is water lost in a plant

Answer 14

roughly 90% of the wwater that enters the plants is lost via transpiration - evaporation of water vapour through the stomatal pores in the leaf

Question 15

what factors increase transpiration

Answer 15

higher the heat and wind

Question 16

what other uses does the plant have for water

Answer 16

needed for turgor pressure, most cellular activities need waater

Question 17

how does transpiration occur

Answer 17

water travels from the rootts to the leaves against gravity using the xylem, water is polar so adheres to the walls of the xylem and coheres to other water molecules, creating enough tension to form ‘columns’ of water in the plant, as water enters the roots from the soil via osmosis, these water columns are pushed upward, allowing water to reach the stomata to evaporate

Question 18

xylem

Answer 18

the tiisue that carries water up from tthe root to tthe leaf, contain strong cell walls made of lignin

Question 19

how does carbon dioxide enter the plant

Answer 19

via dissusion through the stomata

Question 20

where are stomata found

Answer 20

on the underside of the leaves to prevent excess evaporation of water vapour

Question 21

chlorophyll

Answer 21

traps light (photoreceptor), needed for carbon fixation

Question 22

how does light enter the leaf

Answer 22

absorbed by chlorphyll

Question 23

two stages of photosynthesis

Answer 23

light dependant stage, light independent stage

Question 24

where does the light dependent stage occur

Answer 24

grana/thylakoid of the chloroplast

Question 25

what occurs in the light dependent stage

Answer 25

chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and coverts the light energy to chemical energy, this causes electrons to become energized, causing the water molcules to split into hydrogens and oxygens, oxygen is realesed as a waste product, half the hydrogens are joined onto thee NADP+ to forms NADPH, the other half pass through atp synthase which allows ADP + P to be converted to ATP

Question 26

how is ATP formed

Answer 26

adding phosphate to ADP

Question 27

ATP synthase and photosytem I and II

Answer 27

enzymes embedded in the thylakoid membrane

Question 28

photosystem I and II

Answer 28

breaks h2o into hydrogens and O2

Question 29

how are the hydrogens transported to the light independent stage

Answer 29

12 pass through ATP synthase, following the concentartion gradient, other 12 are transported using NADPH

Question 30

light independent stage is aka

Answer 30

calvin cycle

Question 31

where does the light independent stage occur

Answer 31

stroma

Question 32

what occurs in the light independent stage

Answer 32

RuBisCo captures CO2, using energy provided by NADPH and ATP, carbons are broken off the CO2 and attach together, half the oxygens attach to the carbons, half the hydogens attach to the carbon-oxygen molecule to form glucose,, the other half of hydrogens attach to the remains oxygens to form h20

Question 33

inputs of the light dependent stage

Answer 33

water, light ADP + Pi, NADP+

Question 34

outputs of the light dependent stage

Answer 34

oxygen, NADPH, ATP

Question 35

inputs of the light independent stage

Answer 35

NADPH, ATP form light dependent stage and more, carbon dioxide

Question 36

outputs of the light indepedent stage

Answer 36

NADP+, glucose, ADP + Pi