lesson 2 - methods of philosophizing -

Question 1

this has observation and experimentation using highly sophisticated and specialized instruments

Answer 1

science

Question 2

t or f

philosophy uses thought and thought experiments

Answer 2

true

Question 3

t or f

both science and philosophy used experimentation

Answer 3

false, philosophy uses thought while science uses experiments

Question 4

t or f

science and philosophy do not go hand in hand because of their different methods

Answer 4

FALSE

Question 5

philosophy has how many branches?

Answer 5

6

Question 6

what are the branches of philosophy? MEEPAL

Answer 6

metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political, aesthetics, logic

Question 7

this is also known as ontology. it studies existence and reality.

it studies questions that go beyong our experiences

Answer 7

metaphysics

Question 8

meta means?

Answer 8

to go beyond

Question 9

physics means?

Answer 9

the natural world

Question 10

this is the study of knowledge

Answer 10

epistemology

Question 11

episteme means?

Answer 11

knowledge

Question 12

this is the study of action, thought experiments

Answer 12

ethics

Question 13

ethos means?

Answer 13

habit

Question 14

this is the study of power or government

Answer 14

political philosophy

Question 15

polis means?

Answer 15

city

Question 16

this is the study of art and the perception of beauty

Answer 16

aesthetics

Question 17

this is the study of correct reasoning

Answer 17

logic

Question 18

logos means?

Answer 18

reason

Question 19

who is the father of logic?

Answer 19

aristotle

Question 20

what are the 4 theories of knowledge?

Answer 20

realism, phenomenology, relativism, pragmatism

Question 21

the study of reality or the nature of being

Answer 21

anthology

Question 22

this falls under the branch of logic. In logic, we try to eliminate errors.

Answer 22

Critical thinking

Question 23

Executing one’s own ideas without the influence of others.

Answer 23

Independent thinking

Question 24

To think is to always think within a context
Context is the backbone / framework of thinking

Answer 24

contextual thinking

Question 25

understanding reality by using ones ingenuity
Putting flavor in a boring surface of reality.

Answer 25

creative thinking

Question 25

• Thinking should not be static
• Initiating the best course of action ahead of time
• Weighing the pros and cons in decision making

Answer 25

Proactive thinking

Question 26

Thinking with other people for a unified goal
Detecting ones intersubjectivity

Answer 26

collaborative thinking

Question 27

• There is a reality outside the mind which can be known through experience.
• What we perceive out in the world is real.
• This theory is one of the oldest systems in epistemology. Dates back to the times of aristotle.

-It puts forward the question “what is reality?”

Answer 27

study of Realism

Question 28

For aristotle, reality is ———-. It means we can know reality or have true knowledge of reality through observation and analysis, basically saying the world can be known through experience.

Answer 28

empirical

Question 29

The objects you perceive are part of the external world and they exist independently of the human mind. Which means this isn’t just something made up of our mind, they are there and real.

Answer 29

study of realism

Question 30

• Truth is dependent on a person, truth is subjective matter.
• In this theory, the basis of truth is subjective. What may be true to someone may not be to you.
• As human beings, we think relatively or differently. It emphasizes our own or a person’s worldview.

Answer 30

theory of relativism

Question 31

2 major types of relativism:

Answer 31

moral and cultural

Question 32

type of relativism: When we make decisions, we base our thoughts to our belief of what is right and wrong

Answer 32

Moral

Question 33

type of relativism: What we believe is based on our cultural backgrounds.

Answer 33

Cultural

Question 34

• A truth is regarded as a truth if it has practical consequences that are beneficial.
• A truth is only considered true if it has practical consequences, these are an important aspect in this theory.
• Practical consequences should have benefits so that the truth can be considered as true.

Answer 34

Theory of Pragmatism

Question 35

For a pragmatist, there are three criterias to consider the truth:

Answer 35

Utility, doability, beneficialness

Question 36

• The source of all meaning and value is the lived experience of human beings.
• Study of essences and go back to these essences.
• “To go back to the things themselves”
• Discovered by Edmund Husserl

Answer 36

Theory of Phenomenology

Question 37

Here, we go back to how we see the world the same as the first time we saw it.

Answer 37

Theory of Phenomenology

Question 38

• looking at reality by means of facts or things

Answer 38

Natural attitude

Question 39

• makes something, something.

Answer 39

Essence

Question 40

In pheno, there is something we call ———-. Which means the direction of our experiences to objects and acts that provide meaning to objects.

Answer 40

intentionality

Question 41

——– deals with lived experiences of human beings and its goal is to understand the world as to how it is interpreted by our human consciousness, it attempts to explain human experience as it is.
— Focus on how things appear in our consciousness

Answer 41

Phenomenology

Question 42

It is a statement that is considered to be true and accurate.

It is a starting point, there is nothing before this. It is a self evident truth. Means knowledge comes from this.

Answer 42

Theory of Axioms

Question 43

It is a fundamental assumption from which our reasoning activities will start.

Answer 43

Theory of Axioms

Question 44

t or f

Axioms cannot be refuted as they are the starting point of knowledge.

Answer 44

t