4.a

Question 1

WHO

Answer 1

works worldwide to promote health, keep the world safe and serve the vulnerable

Question 2

6 briefs WHO has

Answer 2

• gathers health data
• providing leadership and identifying priority areas in matters critical to health
• researching health problems
• monitoring the international health situation
• supporting UN member states to devise health stratgeies
• providing tech support during health crisis

Question 3

what are the ways global mobility has sped up the diffusion of disease?

Answer 3

internal migration
trade
migration/travel (flow of people)
doctors/educated professionals move away from LIDCS where CD problems are
money/ideas = increased access to western lifestyles = smoking , sugary/fatty foods, office jobs
globalisation = influence of TNCs = chain companies. TNCs set up factories. outsource to EDCS = ⬆️ pollution = ⬆️ NCDS

Question 4

how has internal migration as a part of global migration sped up the diffusion of disease?

Answer 4

can spread w/in countries
e.g. Ethiopia- for harvest season

Question 5

how has technology as a part of global migration sped up the diffusion of disease?

Answer 5

technology/air travel allows bigger distances to be travelled. barriers to disease like oceans have less impact
advanced countries and urban areas are more susceptible to

Question 6

how has globalisation as a part of global migration sped up the diffusion of disease?

Answer 6

globalisation = influence of TNCs = more chain companies
TNCs will set up factories and outsource to EDCs to save money = ⬆️pollution in those countries
flow of trade/ideas = ⬆️NCDs

Question 7

how has global migration helped respond to diseases?

Answer 7

flow of ideas = global advertising e.g. WHO campaigns
aid ⬆️ accessible. can fly resources out after an outbreak e.g. Haiti/Ethiopia.
flows of money/people/ideas e.g. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation/Global Fund
money e.g. for development of vaccines/prevention methods
technology = signs to stay at home etc. allows education to happen INSTANTLY

Question 8

how does the society we live in have an impact on disease diffusion?

Answer 8

we live in a society that is increasingly globalised - we are more interconnected through the movement of people, trade, money and ideas
this has significant impacts on the rate of disease diffusion as Hagerstand’s traditional model of diffusion, which suggests your likelihood of contracting a disease was proportional to your distance to the outbreak, is no longer valid
we know that relocation diffusion and network diffusion are both ways in which increased global mobility can diffuse disease across great distances in relatively short periods of time.

Question 9

how can our increasing global mobility create problems?

Answer 9

our increasing global mobility can create problems, as diseases which break out in one part of the world, which historically would have remained there, are now diffused globally
this has been happening since the plague was carried on the silk road from China, to the spanish flu pandemic to the more recent Ebola pandemic

Question 10

how can our increasing global mobility create problems - EVIDENCE?

Answer 10

this has been happening since the plague was carried on the silk road from China, to the spanish flu pandemic to the more recent Ebola pandemic
- can be evidenced in Haiti with the outbreak of Cholera due to Nepalese peacekeepers ‘importing’ the disease from Nepal, where cholera is endemic,
- more regionally, the migration occurring within Ethiopia as farmers move seasonally for harvests and from areas of high to low malaria risk can also spread the disease
- clearly, global mobility can cause many issues and pose challenges to combating infectious diseases as a more global strategy is needed when these outbreaks occur.

Question 11

how can globalisation help when disease outbreaks occur?

Answer 11

globalisation is also tied to the concept of sharing of knowledge and ideas, which means that solutions can be spread as quickly as problems arise
a vaccination can be shared globally immediately and responses can be coordinated on a global scale like never before (as long as countries have the political/economic capacity to engage in these solutions)
diseases like H1N1 were massively controlled this way, and SARS was responded to more effective as a result of this

Question 12

does living in an increasingly interconnected world make it easier or harder to deal with infectious diseases?

Answer 12

EASIER:
- solutions and aid from more developed countries can spread to those less developed countries
- does make diseases easier to spread through air travel etc but most ACs/city hubs where the travel is have more resources to tackle the problems
HARDER
- air travel

⭐️incidence rates are undoubtedly higher but mortality is lower⭐️

Question 13

how does the WHO help research health issues?

Answer 13

among its many research groups are those dedicated to influenza, tropical diseases, a mental health and vaccines
research projects are often partnerships with other international agencies
currently collaborating with multi-agency Stop TB, which aims to eradicate TB by 2050

Question 14

what awareness campaigns have the WHO helped with/developed?

Answer 14

Zika virus in 2016, and develops global strategies to combat diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis
sets targets to improve prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care
promoting research into new drugs and insecticides is also important

Question 15

examples of how the WHO supports governments

Answer 15

2015 Nepal EQ disaster, WHO delivered emergency health services in form of mobile medical units and supported foreign medical teams in areas worst hit
Liberia, 2014-15, Ebola epidemic caused total collapse of country’s healthcare services = unable to cope w/ serious outbreak of measles. WHO, together with Unicef, stepped in and organised a country wide measles vaccination programme to control spread of disease.

Question 16

what is the Global Fund?

Answer 16

nternational NGO raising money and investing in partnerships with countries to tackle IDs

Question 17

how have the Global Fund helped decline the HIV burden?

Answer 17

the number of HIV related deaths have been cut by nearly half, from 1.9 million at the peak to 1 million in 2016
the rapid increase in access to ARV therapy in countries supported by the Global Fund - from 3% coverage in 2005 to 52% in 2016 has been a tremendous contributor.
Global Fund-supported programmes have provided 4.2 million HIV-positive mothers with treatment to prevent transmission of HIV to their babies

Question 18

what type of disease does the WHO focus on and why?

Answer 18

infectious diseases
they are mainly in LIDCs where there are limited resources for govts to tackle the problems themselves

Question 19

do the WHO have their priorities correct in focusing on CDs?

Answer 19

a lot more people are affected by NCDs but that is in ACs where there is already leading technological advances because of the amount of money/resources available

Question 20

why is a supra-governmental agency (e.g. WHO) working globally imports r for managing diseases in our society?

Answer 20

spreads education and awareness
connects governments of differing development levels so aid can be delivered more easily
in a world where CDs spread so easily, someone has to keep an eye on them on a global scale

Question 21

do you think tackling disease at a global scale (rather than nationally or locally) is most effective? why?

Answer 21

global is in theory best, but difficult to do
helps eradicating the disease/prevent it from spreading to new places rather than just mitigating against it.
if you only tackle something nationally people will always bring it back in
locally/nationally has more of a focus e.g. on LIDCS. important to have different strategies in different places
sometimes global approach doesn’t work because of cultural difference

Question 22

will the WHO always be needed?

Answer 22

in future, less focus on CDs once more countries have developed
more focus on cancer research etc.
OR more focus on CDs that emerge with climate change and ⬆️ natural disaster risk

Question 23

how did COVID-19 spread?

Answer 23

Wuhan, China to everywhere else.
9th Jan first death in Wuhan
13th Jan first case outside of China (Thailand)
11th Feb 44,000 infected 1000 dead in China
Chinese NY ⬆️ spread

Question 24

what were the specific impacts of COVID 19?

Answer 24

public transport shut down/banning travel
lockdowns occurred
global spread
closure of schools/disruption of education
death, first in Jan 2020. killed 3% of those infected

Question 25

how did the WHO/specific national governments help mitigate the spread of COVID?

Answer 25

lockdowns
new hospital built in Wuhan. New facility built in 1 week
WHO = monitoring and recording data
WHO declares public health emergency because of its rapid global spread. Spread to ACs first and spreads to ACs first and spreads most rapidly in cities
X US = declared public health emergency. acts against the advice of WHO. refuses entry to citizens coming from China. Australia follows
Chinese govt acted incredibly quickly
WHO = prepare all countries for outbreak. Advise indirect strategies = costs no money for them

Question 26

what role has time space compression played in covid?

Answer 26

global transportation network evolved to include faster and more efficient transport, so once distant parts of the world have moved ever closer together = acceleration of pace at which pandemics diffuse

Question 27

how did COVID get from animals into human populations?

Answer 27

locked down on 23 Jan 2020 but it was too late to contain the spread
Was already moving rapidly along China’s high speed rail
accelerated by mass population movements that accompanied Chinese new year

Question 28

why were some places more affected than others - uneven spread of COViD?

Answer 28

spread to main ACs = specifically main cities = unequal flows of people
those able to afford travelling there compared to the poorest countries e.g. Africa

Question 29

how did the WHO use CAPACITY BUILDING in their response to COVID?

Answer 29

Many countries lack basic medical and public health infrastructures, critical supplies, and basic response trainings necessary to prepare for and respond to COVID-19 cases on their own.
-It has shipped cntical supplies to countries worldwide, such as 1.5 million diagnostic kits that went to 126 countes, and millions of masks, gowns, gloves, and other personal protective equipment which were sent to 133 countries. (GLOBAL SCALE).
WHO has also conducted several country missions (NATIONAL SCALE) to assess national capacity and support efforts to strengthen preparedness and response capabilities.
It regularly liaises with donors and has established the COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund where countries, organizations, and individuals can donate to provide the essential resources necessary to fund a global response to COVID-19.

Question 30

how did the WHO use PROMOTING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT in their response to COVID?

Answer 30

the WHO acted as the coordinating body on gathering information, establishing priority areas for research and disseminating findings to the general public

Question 31

how did the WHO use COMBATTING THE INFODEMIC in their response to COVID?

Answer 31

while misinformation has been an issue in previous outbreaks, the level of misinformation associated with COVID-19 has been much higher
the WHO had to go beyond addressing typical health concerns

Question 32

how effective was WHO in its response to COVID?

Answer 32

although their global appeal raised millions of pounds to help with research and vaccines, WHO faced a $900 million funding gap in 2021
COVID has cost the global economy $12.5 trillion.
WHO therefore seems insignificant in tackling the problem financially
COVAX was very successful

Question 33

how did level of development affect WHO’s response to COVID?

Answer 33

level of development plays a large role within how WHO mitigates and targets diseases in specific places to help combat and promote health. mainly likely to focus in on IDs within LIDCs more than ACs
due to the fact that ACs have the money, health services and leading technological advances to limit the effects and mitigate a disease like COVID a lot easier than poorer countries
therefore, they target LIDCs because they have limited resources for the governments to tackle the problems themselves

Question 34

are international or national strategies better

Answer 34

INTERNATIONAL- Helps eradicate or even prevent the disease rather than just mitigate against it. if you only tackle something nationally people will always bring it back in for, elsewhere
NATIONAL- however nationally has more focus specifically on LIDCs as diff strategies work best for diff places. Also sometimes global approaches won’t work due to cultural differences.