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PHYSIOLOGY III > L8: Lactation > Flashcards

L8: Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

period following parturition where the reproductive tract returns to its non-pregnant state

A

puerperium

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2
Q

what is the economic benefit to shortening the puerperium in livestock

A
  • increases frequency of breeding
  • increased pregnancy in dairy cows increases their lifetime milk yield
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3
Q

what is lochia

A

blood, uterine lining and other discharge

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4
Q

what are the main events of puerperium

A
  • myometrial contraction shrink the uterus and expel the lochia
  • endometrial repair
  • ovarian cycling resumes
  • elimination of opportunistic bacterial infections
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5
Q

whaat is silent ovulation in bovines

A

after seasonal anestrus in the ewe or pregnancy in the cow, the ovary develops a follicle(s) that will ovulate without an accompanying behavior estrus

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6
Q

occur as two lines of tissue that run ventrally from the axial regio to the inguinal region

A

mammary ridges

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7
Q

name for the milk secreting cells of the mammary gland

A

parenchyma

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8
Q

what is the purpose of cisterns in species such as cows and goats

A

they increase the storage volume of the udder

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9
Q

most milk is stored within the _________ of the mammary tissue

A

alveoli system

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10
Q

what is lactogenesis

A

mammary epithelial cells are converted from a non-secretory state to a secretory state

increase in lactose, total protein, immunoglobulins
decrease in sodium and chloride

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11
Q

when does lactogenesis begin in cows

A

up to 4 days before parturition

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12
Q

what are the two stages of lactogenesis

A

prenatal cytologic and enzymatic differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells, driven by estrogen and prolactin

postnatal secretion of milk components

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13
Q

the sudden withdrawal of _______ at birth causes blood flow to mammary glands to increase

A

progesterone

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14
Q

T/F: milk production begins independent of newborn suckling

A

T

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15
Q

what is galactopoiesis

A

the maintenance of lactation once lactation has been established

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16
Q

what is involution

A

return to a non-secretory state

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17
Q

what are the two main components that contribute to the maintenance of lactation

A

galactopoietic hormones and the removal of accumulated milk (suckling)

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18
Q

what is the ‘first’ milk

A

colostrum

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19
Q

colostrum provides _______ immunity to newborn

A

passive

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20
Q

immunoglobulin absorption from the colostrum to newborn is limited to the first _______ hours of life

A

24-36 hrs

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21
Q

what molecule is important for the postresection adaptation response

A

IGF-1

22
Q

glycoprotein w/ strong anit-microbial activity

A

lactoferrin

23
Q

why does cheese color differ

A

due to nutrition and species differentiation of B-cartoene in their milk
white = grain fed
yellow = grass fed

24
Q

what is the main E component of milk

A

fat

25
Q

what is needed to break down lactose and what does it become

A

lactase
lactose—> glucose+galactose

26
Q

composition of milk fat

A

mono, di and trigylcerides, FFA, phospholipids, steroids

27
Q

composition of milk protein

A

casein, albumins, globulins

28
Q

disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose

A

lactose

29
Q

what hormones immediately decline with the birth of placenta

A

estrogen and progesterone

30
Q

immediately after birth of placenta, ________’s role in milk synthesis is activated

A

prolactin’s

31
Q

how is prolactin secretion inhibited when there is a lack of suckling

A

neurons in secretory parvocellular cells reelase dopamine
dopamine acts in anteriror pituitary to inhibit prolactin secretion

32
Q

how does suckling lead to prolactin release

A

suckling stimulates nipple mechanoreceptors that synapse w/ neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus

  • inhibits dopamine
  • stimulates vasoactive intestinal peptide
  • release prolactin
33
Q

how does oxytocin lead to milk let down

A

oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells which moves the milk into ducts and cistern

34
Q

what are the steps in milk let down

A
  1. suckling/milking stimulates mechanoreceptors
  2. paraventricular nucleus cells release oxytocin via the posterior pituitary into blood stream
  3. oxytocin causes myoepithelial cells to contract, causes milk to move into ducts
  4. milk let down
35
Q

milk fever occurs with the sudden demand in ________ that occurs w/ _______ production

A

Ca+
colostrum

36
Q

explain how milk fever occurs

A

Hypocalcemia
- PTH secreted by parathyroid gland in response to low blood serum Ca

37
Q

insufficient removal of milk can cause pressure ________

A

atrophy

38
Q

mechanical pressure on alveolar epithelial milk secreting cells inhibits ______, resulting in ________

A

galactopoesis
involution

39
Q

what is active involution

A

1-2 days of increased pressure inhibits milk secretion
Prolactin release is still responsive to feedback

40
Q

what is steady state involution

A

sustained period of inhibited milk synthesis that lasts until the enxt birth
prolactin release is blocked

41
Q

inflammation of udder and mammary gland in response to infection w/ bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma, algae

A

mastitis

42
Q

what does mastitis cause

A

formation of non-funcitonal CT in order to wall off infection

43
Q

What animal has 4 inguinal teats, with 1 cistern/canal per teat?

A

cow

44
Q

What animal has 12-18 teats with 2 ducts per teat?

A

sow

45
Q

What animal has 2 inguinal teats with 2 ducts per teat?

A

mare

46
Q

What animals have 6-8 teats with 5-6 ducts per teat?

A

bitch and queen

47
Q

What kind of cheese is typically made from sheep and goat milk or grain-fed cattle?

A

white

48
Q

What kind of cheese is made from grass-fed cows or dyes such as annatto?

A

yellow

49
Q

Where are proteins in milk (casein, albumins, globulins) synthesized?

A

ER

50
Q

Without stimulation, neurons in the secretory parvocellular cells release _________ to inhibit prolactin secretion.

A

dopamine

51
Q

Milk fever is characterized by depression, reduced activity, and paralysis. This issues are due to a decrease in ____________ and an increase in _____ that takes too long to correct the problem in the blood.

A

Calcium
PTH

52
Q

Insufficient milk removal can lead to this

A

pressure atrophy

PHYSIOLOGY III (31 decks)

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