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PHYSIOLOGY III > L12: Pain and Vestibular Control > Flashcards

L12: Pain and Vestibular Control Flashcards

1
Q

the translation of a noxious stimulus into neural activity

A

transduction

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2
Q

propogation of nerve impulses from receptors into the CNS

A

transmission

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3
Q

facilitation of inhibition of neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord

A

modulation

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4
Q

what is nociception

A

perception of pain

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5
Q

what is mechanical deformation

A

stretch or damage to the receptor membrane that opens ion channels

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6
Q

the application of chemicals opens ______ in chemoreceptors

A

ion channels

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7
Q

changes in _____ alters the permeability of the membrane thermoreceptors

A

temperature

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8
Q

pain is detected through

A

free nerve endings

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9
Q

what type of pain do A-delta fibers detect

A

immediate, sharp pain

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10
Q

what type of pain do C fibers detect

A

dull, burning pain

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11
Q

what does free nerve ending mean

A

non myelinated endings

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12
Q

does pain occur in the brain

A

no

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13
Q

where are nociceptors located

A

skin, joints, internal organs and bones

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14
Q

T/F: temperature extremes and pain can be perceived as pain

A

True
Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP)

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15
Q

_____ receptors increase AP frequency with increase in temperature

A

Warm

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16
Q

_____ receptors increase AP frequency with decreases in temp

A

cold

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17
Q

in what nerve fibers are warm receptors located

A

C

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18
Q

in what nerve fibers are cold receptors located

A

Aẟ with non-mylenated endings

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19
Q

Aẟ fibers have what 2 types of nociceptors

A

mechanical & Noxoius thermal nociceptors

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20
Q

_____ nociceptors respond to mechanical damage: cutting, crushing, pinching

A

Mechanical

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21
Q

_______ nociceptors respond to extreme heat and cold

A

noxious thermal

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22
Q

C Fibers have what two types of nociceptors

A

Thermal & Polymodal

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23
Q

thermal nociceptors respond to …

A

thermal gradients

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24
Q

what do polymodal nociceptors respond to

A

various novious damaging stimuli : thermal, mechanical, chemical

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25
Q

____ nociceptors are peripheral and mostly found in _____

A

polymodal, skin

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26
Q

pathways that convey somatic sensation require how many neurons

A

3
1st, 2nd and 3rd order sensory neurons

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27
Q

what sensory neuron has a cell body in the dorsal root ganglion, is an afferent neuron, and has peripheral receptors that detect stimuli

A

First order sensory neuron

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28
Q

what sensory neuron has a soma in the spinal cord or brainstem and synapses with a 3rd order neuron

A

2nd

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29
Q

what sensory neuron is located in the thalamus and synapses in the cortex layers (2-6)

A

3rd order

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30
Q

what is the only sensory neuron in the pain pathway with receptors in the PNS

A

first order sensory neuron

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31
Q

the spinothalamic pathways transmit information on ______, ________ and light touch

A

pain, temp

32
Q

where do first order pain neurons synapse

A

onto 2nd order neurons in the spinal cord

33
Q

where do 2nd order pain neurons synapse

A

in the thalamus - perception of pain

34
Q

where do 3rd order pain neurons synapse

A

somatosensory cortex - location of pain

35
Q

what is a non-adpating receptor

A

nociceptors that are activated as long as a lesion is present

36
Q

hyperalgesia

A

increases sensitivity to pain

37
Q

what causes hyperalgesia

A

tissue damage

38
Q

initial injury only stimulates _____ pain sensation through what fibers

A

acute
A-delta

39
Q

over time, dull pain sensations increase in intensity, stimulating ___ fibers

A

C

40
Q

what things are released by the inflammatory response to pain

A
  • bradykinins
  • prostaglandins
  • substance P (causes mast cells to release histamine which activates nociceptor endings)
  • K+, H+
41
Q

_______ in the ECF stimulate polymodal nociceptors and contribute to tissue inflammation

A

Bradykinins

42
Q

Substance __ stimulates mast cells to release histamine

A

P

43
Q

repeated sitmulation of ___ fibers enhances pain

A

C

44
Q

Substance P binds ______ receptors in neurons and initiates vasodilation and inflammation

A

neurokinin 1

45
Q

repeated stimulation of dorsal horn neurons causes ___________

A

central sensitization —> recruitment of glutamate receptors to make C fibers more senstiive

46
Q

what inhibits the release of substance P, therefore alleviating pain

A

Enkephalin which is released from activation of opiate receptors

47
Q

what are the analgesia endogenous opioid substances

A
  • endorphins
  • enkephalins
  • dynorphins
48
Q

what drug blocks the action of opioids

A

Naloxone
has high affinity for the μ opioid receptor, where it acts as a competitive antagonist.

49
Q

where are μ opioid receptors concentrated

A

dorsal horns of spinal cord

50
Q

how are serotonin and NE involved in modulating pain

A

they stimulate enkephalin releasing interneurons or pain modulating nucli in the brainstem

NE and 5-HT can be manipulated by a variety of pharmacological agents

51
Q

NSAIDS block ______, a critical enzyme in the synthesis of _______

A

COX2
prostaglandins
this decreases sensitization to pain

52
Q

exogenous opioids are good at agonizing ______ receptors

A

endogenous opioid

53
Q

endocannabinoids help modulate ______ and increase following sustained physcial acvitiy

A

pain

54
Q

located in the inner ear, informs CNS about head position and movement

A

vestibular system

55
Q

what does the vestibular system measure

A
  • static tilt of head
  • linear acceleration
  • rotary acceleration
56
Q

the vestibular system is composed of _____ and _____

A

3 semicircular canals and 2 ampullae

57
Q

what are the sensory receptor cells of the vestibular system

A

hair cells

58
Q

clinical signs of vestibular syndrome

A
  • head tilt
  • nystagmus
  • ataxia
  • loss of balance
59
Q

why do middle ear infections cause head tilt

A

infections cause pressure on the round/oval window of the cochlea

the pressure difference causes unbalanced AP frequency bw the affected and normal ear

60
Q

at the base of each semicircular canal sit 3 _______ that contain a ridge within hair cells called _________

A

ampulla
crista ampullaris

61
Q

2 of the 3 ampulla in the semicircular canals are connected to a _____ and ______

A

utricle & saccule

62
Q

inside the 3 ampulla, the saccule and utricle are hair cells bathed in _____

A

endolymph

63
Q

what 5 things do hair cells consist of

A
  • cilia at luminal membrane
  • synapse with sensory neuron
  • vestibulochochlear nerve
  • other hair cells along the crista ampullaris
  • cupula (gelatinous mass)
64
Q

bending of hair cells towards the cilia causes ____ channels to open

A

K+ –> depolarization

65
Q

moving of the head in one direction will cause the endolymph to move across hair cells in the _____ direction

A

opposite = deceleration

66
Q
A
67
Q

hair cells are on the _____

A

macula

68
Q

the utricle has a ______ oriented macula and the saccule has a _______ oriented macula

A

horizontally
vertically

69
Q

mass of calcium carbonate crystals that sit atop the cilia and gelatinous cupula

A

otoliths

70
Q

otoliths and _________ cause cilia to bend in the opposite direction of head movement

A

endolymph

71
Q

what are the 3 targets of CN VIII via vestibular nuclei

A
  • vestibulospinal tracts
  • medial longitudinal fasciculus
  • flocculondular node of the cerebellum
72
Q

what is the goal of the vestibuloocular reflex

A

move extraocular eye muscles to maintain contact with the target as the head/body is in motion

73
Q

what is the goal of the vestibulospinal reflex (VSR)

A

stabilize the body

74
Q

what is the vestibulo-collic reflex

A

head and neck muscles adjusting to maintain head position

75
Q

what is affected in peripheral vestibular syndrome

A

labyrinth within the petrosal bone
associated w/ head tilt

76
Q

in central disease type vestibular syndrome, the _____ is affected

A

brain stem
associated w/ paresis/hemiparesis, gait and posture

PHYSIOLOGY III (31 decks)

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