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Biomedicine Specialised Core Subjects > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS made of

A

Brain and spinal chord

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2
Q

What is the brain protected by

A

Membranes and The skull

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3
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by

A

Vertebrae

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4
Q

What is the anatomy of the skull

A

Frontal, Parietal (top), temporal (sides, occipital (back)

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5
Q

What is the foramen Magnum

A

The spinal chord hole

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6
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum the same as

A

lobes of the skull

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7
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe

A

Thought, memory, mood

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8
Q

What does the insula do

A

Senses, consciousness

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9
Q

What is the occipital lobe

A

Eyes

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10
Q

What is the parietal lobe for

A

Taste, language, maths

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11
Q

What is the temporal lobe for

A

Hearing

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12
Q

What is the gyrus

A

Hills on the brain surface, correlate with functional areas

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13
Q

What are sulci of the brain

A

opposite of gyrus (valley) long and deep = fissure

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14
Q

What is the pre and post central gyrus

A

Important gyrii which border the frontal and parietal

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15
Q

Why is gyrii and solgi important

A

Increases surfce area to maximise intellect

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16
Q

What is the longitudinal cerebal feature

A

Split of the brain (left and right)

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17
Q

What is rostral and caudal

A

rostral = anterior for CNS and caudal = posterior for CNS

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18
Q

What is grey matter

A

Cell bodies

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19
Q

What is white matter

A

Myelinated axons

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20
Q

Where does the axons in the brain go to

A

Spinal chord

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21
Q

Why are the grey matter on the edge

A

More nutrients

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22
Q

What is the largest region of white matter

A

Corpus callosum which connects the right and left hemispheres

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23
Q

Why is the corpus callosum important

A

Because otherwise the halves of the brain wouldn’t know what the other half is doing

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24
Q

What controls the LHS of the body

A

Right hemisphere

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25
Q

What controls the RHS of the body

A

Left Hemisphere

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26
Q

What is the broca area

A

The speech region of the brain located rostrally

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27
Q

What is the wernicke area

A

The listening area of the brain located in the parietal lobe

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28
Q

What is in the occipital lobe of the brain

A

Visual cortex

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29
Q

What is the corticospiral tract

A

Two neurons which join the brain to the spine

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30
Q

What does rostral and caudal mean WITH THE CONTEXT OF SPINAL CHORD AND BRAINSTEM

A

To the bottom = cordal, to the top = to the brain

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31
Q

Why does the cerebellum have so many neurons

A

Surface area

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32
Q

What does nuclei mean in the context of neurons

A

Cell body

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33
Q

Why is the brainstem so important

A

Because it hosts all the automatic processes (heartrate, breathing, temp)

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34
Q

What is the midbrain responsible for

A

Circadian rhythm

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35
Q

What is the pons

A

Connects cerebellum to brain stem

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36
Q

What is the medella oblongata used for

A

Breathing, Connects brain to the spinal chord

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37
Q

What does the medella oblingata contain

A

Ascending fibres (sensory), descending fibres (motor)

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38
Q

What is the thallamus for

A

Receives sesory info except smell. It also is responsible for motor conteol

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39
Q

What is the hypothalumus

A

Command center of the autonomic nerbous system

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40
Q

What is the limbic system

A

Learning and memory center

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41
Q

What is the hippocampus important for

A

Forming memories - cognates experiences into memories

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42
Q

What are the meninges

A

The membraines

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43
Q

What are the layers of meninges

A

Dura mata, arachnoid mata, pia mater

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44
Q

What is the final sensory layer

A

Dura mater

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45
Q

DO meninges cover the spinal chord

A

Yes

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46
Q

What is the Ventricular system responsible for

A

Fluid filled spaces within the CNS. Filled with the Cerebrospinal fluid.

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47
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid

A

Provide buoyancy and chemically stabilise the CNS

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48
Q

What absorbs the CerebroSpinalFluid

A

Arachnoid granulation

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49
Q

Where is the CSF produced

A

Ventricles of the Chloroid plexus

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50
Q

Where does csf go down

A

Central aquaduct

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51
Q

Where does csf flow out from the aquaduct

A

three apertures

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52
Q

Where does CSF end up

A

Subarachnoid space

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53
Q

Where does leftover CSF go out

A

Arachnoid granulation

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54
Q

How does blood go into the brain

A

The carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

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55
Q

How greedy is the brain

A

VERY

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56
Q

What is the blood brain barrier

A

Nutrients need to get through cells to get into the brain. No blood goes into the brain, rather surround it

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57
Q

What is the most important part of the brain (gets nutrients first)

A

Brainstem

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58
Q

What is the ectoderm

A

Outer layer of the embryo which forms the brain

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59
Q

What is the prosephelon

A

Front brain

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60
Q

What is the rhombocephalon

A

The cerebellum

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61
Q

What is the mesocephalon

A

Central brain

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62
Q

What is the brainstem parts

A

Dicenphalon, midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

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63
Q

What is ascending fibres

A

Sensory

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64
Q

What crossovers to cross motor neurons to the opposite side of the body

A

Medulla oblongat

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65
Q

What do olfactory nerves do

A

They are sensory and supply smell

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66
Q

What do optic nerves do

A

Sight nerves (sensory)

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67
Q

What is vestibulocochear do

A

Hearing nerves (sensory)

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68
Q

What is afferent

A

Info moving in of CNS

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69
Q

What is efferent

A

Info moving out of CNS

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70
Q

What is special

A

Info about the 5 senses

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71
Q

What in the brain receives info from the olfactory nerve

A

Olfactory bulb and tract

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72
Q

What is the primary vision center

A

Occipital lobe

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73
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve do

A

Opening eyelid, pupil constriction

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74
Q

What does the trochlear nerve do

A

It supplies the contralateral side of the body and angles the eye down

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75
Q

What soes the trigeminal do

A

Face touching and it is MIXED.

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76
Q

What does the abducens nerve do

A

moves eye away from the midsaggital plane

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77
Q

What does the facial nerve do

A

Supplies facial expression muscles and is mixed (also provides taste)

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78
Q

What is vestibular nerve

A

Balance

79
Q

What is cochlear

A

Hearing

80
Q

What is the glossophartneal nerve

A

Salivary nerve, both sensory and motor

81
Q

What is the vagus nerve

A

Digestive system, heart and lung nerves. Both sensory and motor nerve

82
Q

What is the accessory nerve

A

Not a cranial nerve and supplies back and neck muscles. Supplied from the spinal cord not the brain.

83
Q

What is the hypoglossal nerve

A

Moves tongue, motor nerve

84
Q

What is the order of cranial nerves

A

Olfactory, Optic, Occulomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducten, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal

85
Q

What is a pneumonic to remember this order

A

One old otter trembles terribly among fat very gross, very annoying hippopotamuses

86
Q

What happens with synapses

A

The vesicles exocytose in the pre synaptic cell and then they endocytose in the post synaptic cell

87
Q

What happens when Cl- enters the cell

A

Hyperpolarizes the cell

88
Q

What happens when Ca2+ enters the cell

A

Depolarises the cell

89
Q

What is a post synaptic potential

A

What happens when the signal endocytoses ito the post synaptic cell

90
Q

What are the types of PSPs

A

EPSP and IPSP

91
Q

What is the trigger zone for potential

A

-55mV

92
Q

What type of neurotransmission is the most common

A

By the use of a chemical mediator

93
Q

Where does direct electrical transmission used

A

Through the heart and stomach where ions pass through

94
Q

What is a gap junction

A

Gates where they transfer from one cell to the next

95
Q

How do they synapse chemically

A

Signal the postsynaptic neuron through chemicals

96
Q

What are some enzymes that do shit

A

Glutamate decarboxylase, cholene acetyltransferase

97
Q

Where do neurotransmitters go

A

They go into a vesicle, stop, have an action potential and exocytose

98
Q

What is a SNARE

A

Which sticks the vesicle to the cell membrane, making it exocytosis

99
Q

What happens when complexin is involved in SNARES

A

stops the exocytosis process and only partially connects Vsnares to Tsnares (vesicle snares to target snares)

100
Q

What so we need to know about signals for function

A

transmitters and receptors

101
Q

What are the two types of receptors

A

Ionotropic and Metabotropic - Ionotropic activates an ion channel and metabotropic activates an enzyme

102
Q

Are there one receptor for one neurotransmitter

A

No

102
Q

Do transmitters always do the same thing

A

No

102
Q

What are the two CNS transmitters

A

Glutamate and GABA

102
Q

What is GABA

A

The inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter

103
Q

What is glutamate

A

Waking up, seizures. Dominant excitatory transmitter

103
Q

What is the acetylcycholine

A

Acetylcycoline has both ionic and muscarinic. It activates if ionic and usually deactivates if muscaranic

104
Q

What are the two biggest PSN neurotransmitters

A

Acetyhlcholine and noradrenaline

105
Q

What is noradrenaline

A

It sometimes excites and inhibits

106
Q

How do you increase heart rate

A

Excites the cell

107
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters uptake

A

They recycle eg. seratonin and dopamine

108
Q

What happens when neurotransmitters degrade

A

They don’t recycle

109
Q

What is a receptor in the nervous system

A

A cell and a protein attached to the muscle

110
Q

What is a receptor cell

A

Something that senses something

111
Q

What makes first order neurons special

A

Trigger zone moved in front of the cell body

112
Q

How many neurons does it take to go to the brain

A

3, a receptor neuron, second order neuron and a third order neuron

113
Q

What blocks most sensory information

A

each order neurons

114
Q

What is the modality

A

type of stimulus (sense)

115
Q

What is spacial info

A

Knowing where something is located

116
Q

How do we tell intensity

A

through nerves

117
Q

Can we tell quality of senses

A

YES

118
Q

What do mechanical receptors do

A

Touch, limb posiion, hearing and balance

119
Q

chemical

A

taste, smell

120
Q

photic

A

vision

121
Q

thermal

A

hot and cold

122
Q

noxous

A

pain

123
Q

Are sensory receptors generalised

A

no

124
Q

What is intensity

A

how many or quickly the action potentials have generated

125
Q

What happens when something is constantly stimulating

A

it will get rid of the info

126
Q

What are the different type of adapting paces

A

Rapidly adapting, shuts down quickly, versus slowly adapting, shuts down over a long time

127
Q

what is reserved for the fast pathways

A

hearing, vision, touch

128
Q

Do all first order neurons have a respective second order neuron

A

no, because we want to shrink head size.

129
Q

What is central convergence

A

Where senses from the peripheral nervous system converge when they reach the central nervous system

130
Q

What is acuity

A

the inverse of the size of the receptive field

131
Q

What is lateral inhibition

A

interconnecting of neurons so senses dont transfer

132
Q

What does each sensory nerve fiber do

A

transmits only one modality at a specific location

133
Q

What is somatosensation

A

Sensation from the skin muscle bones, tendons and joints

134
Q

What does this include

A

tactile, temperature, propriocept and noxious

135
Q

What are the two types of touch receptors

A

Lamellar, RA deep, Bulbous, SA deep, Meissners corpuscle RA shalloe, Merkels disk SA shallow

136
Q

What are touch receptor channels

A

stretch gated ion channels

137
Q

What are positional receptors

A

golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, joint capsule receptors

138
Q

What do joint capsule receptors do

A

determine the muscle flexion

139
Q

What is a cold receptor

A

TRPM8 myelin

140
Q

What is a warm receptor

A

TRPV8 vanilla

141
Q

What is the DCML have

A

fast receptor with spatial organisation, local touch, muscle position, joint position

142
Q

What is the AL system

A

Slow receptors with less spatial organisation, with pain, heat cold, tickle, itch and sex

143
Q

What is all the pain receptors

A

heat chemical, mechanical and polymodal

144
Q

What is the difference between other receptor and pain receptors

A

pain receptors go to the pain part of the brain and voltage minimum is much higher

145
Q

What is a polymodal pain receptor

A

Pain receptor that does everything

146
Q

Where does blood leave the brain

A

Internal Jugular vein

147
Q

Where does blood come into the brain

A

Internal carteroid arteries

148
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control

A

everything involuntary - eye movement/blinking, lungs, heart, stomach, liver.

149
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

control vegetative functions, essential control centre of homeostasis

150
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex

A

Blood pressure reduces due to the transport, it is a negative feedback loop stopping high blood pressure

151
Q

What is dual innervation

A

Organs that have both parasympathetic and sympathetic receptors

152
Q

What is the antagonistic effect of parasympathetic organs

A

sympathetic

153
Q

What occurs when there are no dual innervation

A

Synergystic, both parasympathetic and sympathetic organs do the same thing - produce mucous

154
Q

What does not receive dual innervation

A

Sweat glands, mucous glands and blood vessels except penis

155
Q

What happens when noradrenaline increases

A

blood vessels contract

156
Q

What causes blood constriction

A

sympathetic nervous sytem with exercise

157
Q

What are autonomic reflexes with conscious control

A

ones that both go to autonomic and sympathetic nervous system eg. behavioural override with skeletal muscle

158
Q

What are examples of semi conscious reflexes

A

peeing and shitting

159
Q

Which sphincter is the skeletal muscle

A

the external sphincter

160
Q

What causes contraction

A

sympathetic

161
Q

What causes the peeing reflex

A

sympathetic storage fibers and parasympathetic weeing fibers message the somatic nervous system telling it that it is time to pee

162
Q

what is under voluntary control for peeing

A

external uretha sphincter

163
Q

What does the hypothalamus do

A

primative functions

164
Q

what does the midbrain pons and medulla oblongata do

A

cardiac control which involves swallowing

165
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do

A

anger fear and anxiety

166
Q

What does the flight response do

A

bronchodilation, increased heart rate, carbon monoxide, breakdown of fats, constriction of vessels

167
Q

what is a compromise in the flight response

A

gi tract blood flow

168
Q

what does the fight response do as well

A

pupil dialation, increased strength, less blood loss

169
Q

what is a ganglion

A

where there is a synapse produced out of the cns

170
Q

what is special about the postgangliotic nerve

A

unmyelinated

171
Q

what is the last thing being released in the parasympathetic division

A

acetylcholine

172
Q

what is the last thing being released in the sympathetic division

A

noradrenaline

173
Q

what is the difference in ganglion location of sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

sympathetic - at the beginning, parasympathetic - at the end

174
Q

what do the adrenal glands release

A

adrenaline and cortisol

175
Q

what is the difference in timeline of fight or flight, adrenaline and cortisol

A

milliseconds, minutes and hours respectively

176
Q

what is muscarinic receptors

A

for muscle cells, all postganglionic receptors

177
Q

what does m2 receptors do

A

cardiac boys

178
Q

What do m3 recptors do

A

smooth boys

179
Q

What does vasoconstriction

A

the alpha androgenic receptors

180
Q

what does the beta receptor do

A

beta things such as vasodilation

181
Q

what does the receptors do during excersice

A

transfer bloodflow from guts to muscle

182
Q

what is the difference between noradrenaline and adrenaline

A

noradrenaline is alpha and adrenaline is beta

183
Q

What is released first

A

Noradrenaline which constricts the blood in the ret of the are

184
Q

what is a receptor antagonist

A

block receptors agonista activate receptors

185
Q

what is hexamethonium

A

something that can kill yoi

186
Q

What does aropine and scopolamine do

A

stop parasympathetic nervous system

187
Q

what keeps sns going

A

phenylepherine and salbutomol

188
Q

what stops the sympathetic nervous system

A

pentolamine

189
Q
A

Biomedicine Specialised Core Subjects (20 decks)

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