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RD Exam > Domain I: Principles of Dietetics: Research Applications > Flashcards

Domain I: Principles of Dietetics: Research Applications Flashcards

1
Q

The second step in research is to develop a well-constructed research ____, which is a clear and simple statement using few works

A

Question

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2
Q

The first step in research is to identify a relevant and important ____; review published research literature

A

Topic

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3
Q

A research question leads to a ____, which is measurable, specifies a population being studied, specifies a time frame and type of relationship being studied, defines variables, and states level

A

Hypothesis

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4
Q

A hypothesis is a ____ of a relationship, often expressed as more than, less than, or not equal to

A

Prediction

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5
Q

A ____ hypothesis is when there is no relationship in a population of data (any difference is a result of sampling error); often has “equal to” expressed

A

Null

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6
Q

A hypothesis should be _____ (feasible, interesting, novel or innovative, ethical, and relevant)

A

FINER

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7
Q

A research objective defines the study’s purpose; consider the ____ format which includes population, intervention/exposure, comparison, and outcome

A

PICO

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8
Q

Next, you must prepare the research _____, or the methodology to solve the problem

A

Protocol

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9
Q

After the protocol is complete, organize methods and materials, and ____ and analyze data

A

Collect

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10
Q

A ____-____ is a formal, defined system that combines the results of numerous small studies to increase the strength of belief in the observed effect; studies are of similar design, have defined inclusion and exclusion criteria, and are published peer-reviewed studies

A

Meta-analysis

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11
Q

_____ has proposed quality standards for the review and monitoring of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized trials

A

QUOROM

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12
Q

_____ is an evidence-based minimum set of items for reporting on systematic reviews and meta-analyses; focuses on the reporting of reviews evaluating randomized trials, but can also be used as a basis for reporting systematic reviews of other types of research, particularly evaluations of interventions

A

PRISMA

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13
Q

MOOSE stands for…

A

Meta-analysis of observational studies in Epidemiology

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14
Q

____ outlines common criteria for clinical trials

A

CONSORT

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15
Q

The ____ is a condensation of the final report; it includes the purpose of the study, questions asked, scope and method, as well as a summary of the conclusions

A

Abstract

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16
Q

The _____ of a research report includes the objectives, definitions, background, limitations, and the order of presentation; next in the report will be a review of the existing literature and summary of different view points

A

Introduction

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17
Q

Also included in the research report will be ____, which includes the statement of the hypothesis and a discussion of the methods used

A

Methodology

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18
Q

The _____ section of a report will include specific lab, clinical, objective, or subjective findings

A

Results

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19
Q

The _____ section of a research report includes interpretation of results, comparison with other studies (may be combined with results)

A

Discussion

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20
Q

The _____ includes a brief summary of results and may include recommendations

A

Conclusion

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21
Q

The last section of a research report is the _____, which discusses how the information might be applied in practice

A

Implications

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22
Q

_____ research describes a state of nature at a point in time and generates hypotheses regarding determinants of a condition or disease

A

Descriptive

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23
Q

Descriptive research provides ____ data and monitors change over time

A

Baseline

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24
Q

Descriptive research establishes _____ among factors, but does not allow causal relationships to be determined (does NOT prove cause and effect)

A

Associations

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25
Q

What are 4 types of descriptive research?

A

-Qualitative research
-Case report, case study, case series
-Surveys
-Correlation studies/ecological studies

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26
Q

Qualitative research precedes other research; the purpose is to explore a phenomenon of interest as a prelude to ____ development

A

Theory

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27
Q

Qualitative research generates _____ data (rather than numerical data or numbers) that is collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and potentially focus groups

A

Narrative

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28
Q

A case report/case study/case series reports on ____ of one subject or more than one subject

A

Observation

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29
Q

Case reports describe, quantitatively, the experiences of a group of cases with a ____ in common

A

Disease/condition

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30
Q

Case reports help identify ____ that are important to the etiology, care, or outcomes of a particular condition

A

Variables

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31
Q

Surveys are research designed to describe and quantify characteristics of a defined population in a defined time frame; pinpoints _____

A

Problems

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32
Q

Correlation or ecological studies compare the ____ of events/disease rates in different populations with the per capita consumption of certain dietary factors (Ex: correlation between fish consumption and breast cancer incidence)

A

Frequency

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33
Q

_____ research tests hypotheses concerning the effects of specific factors of interest and allows causal associations to be determined

A

Analytical

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34
Q

Analytical research can prove ____ __ ____

A

Cause and effect

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35
Q

Examples of analytical study designs:

A

-Clinical trials
-Follow-up studies
-Case-control studies

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36
Q

An experimental study uses an ____ and a ____ group

A

Experimental and control

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37
Q

With an experimental study, ____ occurs which randomly assigns members of a target population in either the treatment or control group without bias

A

Randomization

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38
Q

The experimental group recieves the program or treatment, while the control group does not/is given a placebo which removes the possibility of the ____ effect, which is a positive response due to attention that participants receive

A

Hawthorne

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39
Q

Experimental studies are difficult to run because there may not be enough people for a control group and researchers may not feel that it is _____ to deny certain participants a service

A

Ethical

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40
Q

The gold standard for clinical nutrition studies is a ____ ____ ___, which is considered the best for evaluating medical treatments and interventions with one or more treatments

A

Randomized Controlled Trial

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41
Q

In a ____ design study, participants are randomly assigned to a particular treatment group and remain on that treatment throughout the study

A

Parallel

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42
Q

In a _____ design study, each participant serves as their own control

A

Crossover

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43
Q

In a ____ ____ crossover design, each participant would receive either the intervention or control in the first period, and the alternate treatment in the second period

A

Two period

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44
Q

A major advantage to the crossover design is that _____ is reduced because the measured effect of the intervention is the difference in that participant’s response to the intervention and control (this allows us to use a smaller sample size)

A

Variability

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45
Q

Crossover study designs are usually _____ in duration, but each participant is exposed to all treatments

A

Longer

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46
Q

A Quasi-experimental study design is also known as a ____ ____, or a series of measurements at periodic intervals before the program begins and after the program ends; it shows whether measurements before and after the program are a continuation of previous patterns of whether they indicate noteworthy change

A

Time study

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47
Q

A ____ is any group whose members have something in common

A

Cohort

48
Q

A cohort study design follows a group of ____ people through time to see if they develop a specific condition

A

Healthy

49
Q

A cohort study is sometimes called an _____ study, which tracks the frequency of new (newly diagnosed) cases of a disease

A

Incidence

50
Q

Cohort studies are carried out over a long period of time (_____ study), and are typically _____ (future-oriented)

A

Longitudinal; prospective

51
Q

Some cohort studies may be ____, which use existing data and look back for a relationship between exposure factors and outcomes

A

Retrospective

52
Q

A ___-___ study focuses on a specific disease; those with the disease are compared with a group without the disease, but otherwise similar in characteristics

A

Case-control

53
Q

In a case-control study, both groups recall past ____, which allows researchers to study how the groups differ

A

Behaviors

54
Q

____-____ studies are a one-time data collection counting all of the cases of a specific disease among a group of people at a particular time

A

Cross-sectional

55
Q

Cross-sectional studies measure _____; they are a snap-shot look at one point in time to describe current (not past or present) events

A

Prevalence

56
Q

The ___ ____ ____, which is under the FDA, is a committee established to review and approve research involving human subjects to ensure it is conducted within all ethical and federal guidelines (also may be known as Independent Ethics Committee, Ethical Review Board, or Research Review Board)

A

Institutional Review Board

57
Q

To be designated as an author of a manuscript in biomedical journals, you must have made substantial contributions to the ____ or ____ of the data

A

Design/analysis

58
Q

Statistical evaluation, interpretation, and application of data answers the question, “Did we ____ what we think?”

A

Prove

59
Q

Internal ____ tests whether the difference between the two groups is real (has the experimental group really performed differently?)

A

Validity

60
Q

External validity tests whether or not a _____ can be made from the study to larger populations

A

Generalization

61
Q

____ ___ ____ is a tool used to evaluate validity; it asks whether the difference between samples is a reliable one that would be repeated

A

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

62
Q

ANOVA is used when several (___ or more) products compete against one another

A

3

63
Q

ANOVA compares the variance ____ groups with the variance ___ groups

A

Between; within

64
Q

ANOVA answers the question of if there are one or more ____ differences anywhere among the samples

A

Significant

65
Q

_____ is a measure of the consistency or reproducibility of test results (test, the retest later- are results similar?)

A

Reliability

66
Q

A _____ reliability test uses two separate but similar forms of the same test at the same time; reliability is determined by the degree to which the sets of scores coincide

A

Parallel

67
Q

Split halves of reliability divide the test in half; reliability is determined by the degree of ____ of results

A

Similarity

68
Q

____ is the amount of variation that occurs randomly

A

Precision

69
Q

Less random ____ results in greater precision in the measurement and greater reliability

A

Variation

70
Q

___ and ___ are used if the protocol involves screening for a particular condition; it evaluates the cut-off value being used

A

Sensitivity and specificity

71
Q

Sensitivity measures the proportion of afflicted individuals that test ____

A

Positive

72
Q

Specificity measures the proportion of non-afflicted individuals that test as _____

A

Non-afflicted

73
Q

____ are characteristics that may have different values from observation to observation

A

Variables

74
Q

_____ data fits into a category with no special order (Ex: gender, race, marital status, present or absent)

A

Nominal (non-ordinal)

75
Q

____ order data can be compared with one another and put in order (Ex: best to worst, state of disease 1-4)

A

Rank (ordinal scale)

76
Q

Numerical ____ data is data with numbers, for example number of clinic visits

A

Discrete

77
Q

Numerical ____ data has underlying scales such as blood pressure

A

Continuous

78
Q

______ means each segment of the population will be represented in the sample; selects units from a much larger population and uses randomization

A

Probability

79
Q

____-____ means that there is no way of forecasting that each element in the population will be represented in the sample

A

Non-probability

80
Q

_____ sampling is an example of non-probability; it takes units as they arrive on scene (no attempt to control bias)

A

Convenience (accidental)

81
Q

_____ explains the process of selecting units in the same ratio as they are found in the general population

A

Quota

82
Q

Measures of ____ ____ measure the center of any mass data

A

Central tendency

83
Q

The ___ ____ is the simple average; total the values of all observations and divide by the number of observations

A

Arithmetic mean

84
Q

The ____ is the midpoint of a data set; arrange observations from low to high and count the number of values to find the midpoint

A

Median

85
Q

The ____ is the most frequently occurring value; it is the prediction most likely to be right

A

Mode

86
Q

Measures of ____ measure how values are distributed about the mean

A

Dispersion

87
Q

_____ is an example of a measure of dispersion; it is the difference between the lower value nd highest value in the distribution

A

Range

88
Q

____ ____ indicates the degree of dispersion about the mean value of a distribution; this is the most significant measure of dispersion (it is the square root of the sum of the squared deviations of each value from the mean, divided by the number of observations)

A

Standard deviation

89
Q

The curve of a normal distribution as it falls away from it peak on either side is ____ (bulging outward), and becomes concave as it begins to level off

A

Convex

90
Q

The distance between the mean and ___ ___ ____ on either side is equal to the standard deviation

A

Point of infliction

91
Q

About ____% of all observations in a normal distribution lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean (mean + 1 SD)

A

68% (2/3)

92
Q

____% of all observations lie within about 2 standard deviations of the mean

A

95%

93
Q

____ are relationships between varying types of data; the closer the points are to the line, the stronger the degree of linear relationship

A

Correlations

94
Q

The linear ____ ____ (r) is a measure of how close the points are to the line

A

Correlation coefficient

95
Q

The value of the linear correlation coefficient is always between ___ and ___ (r is 1 when all the points lie exactly on a straight line with a positive slope and -1 when all the points lie exactly on a straight line with a negative slope)

A

-1 and 1

96
Q

The closer to 0, the more _____ the points are from the line (if r=0, there is no linear relationship/agreement)

A

Dispersed

97
Q

The clinical ____ is a change or difference in outcomes that somebody cares about; the outcome must be relevant for patient care, public health, or the field of study (change must be statistically significant, not due to chance)

A

Significance

98
Q

Levels of significance are expressed as a ____ value

A

p

99
Q

The ____ the value of the p-value, the higher the significance of your results

A

Lower

100
Q

A p-value of ____ or less indicates a significant difference with reliable results

A

0.05

101
Q

A p-value of more ____ indicates not very significant difference and results that are not reliable

A

0.05

102
Q

The level of significance shows how strong or weak the evidence is in support of the _____

A

Hypothesis

103
Q

The smaller the p-value, the higher the confidence that the effect you observed is ____

A

Real

104
Q

A ___-___ study removed bias from research because neither the researcher not the subject knows which group is receiving the treatment and which the placebo

A

Double-blind

105
Q

____ is the rate of death, while ____ is the state of disease

A

Mortality; morbidity

106
Q

____ statistics summarize and describe aspects of a set of data

A

Descriptive

107
Q

_____ statistics are techniques that allow conclusions to extend beyond an immediate data set (what is the probability that the results can be applied to a larger group/what can be inferred from the results?)

A

Inferential

108
Q

A _____ test does not depend on a normal distribution

A

Nonparametric

109
Q

_____ scores have only two possible outcomes, such as heads or tails

A

Dichotomous

110
Q

_____ scores are measured on a continuous scale

A

Continuous

111
Q

A ____ study is an example of a formative evaluation

A

Pilot

112
Q

____ ____ tests evaluate whether or not there is a real difference between categories; used with attributes that have more than 2 categories; compared the frequency with which we’d expect certain observations to occur with the frequency that actually occurred

A

Chi-squared

113
Q

A ___-test tests the significance between the means of two different populations; tests the null against the alternative hypothesis; if this probability value is equal to less than the level set for significance, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis (reject the null=signficant data)

A

T

114
Q

A ____ is a block diagram whose blocks are proportional in area to the frequency in each class or group (frequency distribution of data)

A

Block

115
Q

Evidence-based guidelines are developed by conducting a ____ ____ and then using the conclusion of the review to develop practice-based guidelines; the AND Evidence Analysis Library assists in answering questions that may arise during the provision of nutrition care

A

Systematic review

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