Domain I: Principles of Dietetics: Nutrition Science Flashcards
Carbohydrates provide ___ kcal/gram, protein provides ___ kcal/gram, and fat provides ____ kcal/gram
4, 4, 9
The brain uses ____ exclusively as an energy source
Glucose
During starvation, the brain uses ____ for energy
Ketones
Glucose is stored as ____ in liver and muscles
Glycogen
Fat from ____ tissue can be made into glucose
Adipose
Glucose can also be made from ___ stores (cellular mass)
Protein
_____ is the conversion of non-carbohydrate sources into glucose (from glycerol and amino acids)
Gluconeogenesis
____ is the state of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body
Homeostasis
____ are proteins and organic catalysts that control a reaction
Enzymes
A ____ is an enzyme activator, some of them are vitamins
Coenzyme
What are some examples of coenzymes?
-Pantothenic acid
-Thiamin (B1)
-Riboflavin (B2)
-Niacin (B3)
A ____ is a substance upon which an enzyme works
Substrate
A ____ assists enzymes; many are minerals
Cofactor
____ are secretions from endocrine glands; they are chemical messengers that trigger enzymes
Hormones
_____ is a thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism and rate of oxidation; it influences physical and mental growth
Thyroxine (T4)
Thyroxine also stimulates liver ____ and ____ in order to raise blood glucose
Glycogenolysis; gluconeogensis
_____ is the synthesis of a more complex substance
Anabolism
____ is the breakdown of complex substances; uses and releases energy
Catabolism
Catabolism creates a constant energy ____, which must be supplied by food
Deficit
___ ____ ____ is the minimum amount of energy needed at rest in fasting (amount needed to carry out involuntary work of the body, activity of internal organs, and internal temperature)
Basal energy expenditure
Basal energy expenditure is affect by extremes in environmental temperatures; a tropical clinical increases BEE by ___-___%
5-20
Caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine stimulate metabolic rate by ___-___%
7-15
Energy expended in ____ ____ is highly variable
Physical activity
The energy burned from physical activity is also known as ____ ____
Activity thermogenesis
The thermic effect of food accounts for ____% of total energy expenditure; energy needed to digest, absorb, and assimilate nutrients
10
The thermic effect of food is greater after consumption of ___ and ____
Carbohydrates and protein
____ ____ ____ is measured in the morning when reclining, awake, relaxed, at normal body temperature, at least 12 hours after the last meal, and several hours after strenuous activity
Basal metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate measures ____ consumed and ___ ___ produced
Oxygen; carbon dioxide
Basal metabolic rate is affected primarily by…
-Sex
-Age
-Body composition, body surface area
-Endocrine glands (thyroid)
Women have ___-___% lower basal metabolic rate than men
5-10
What age group has the highest basal metabolic rate?
0-2 years of age
Older adults have less activity, less lean body mass, and more body fat, which makes them have ____ basal metabolic rate
Lower
Basal metabolic rate is measured by ___ ____ ____
Protein-bound iodine
Protein-bound iodine measures the activity of the ____
Thyroid
What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
-Thyroxine (T4)
-Triiodothyronine (T3)
When protein-bound iodine is elevated, basal metabolic rate is ____
Elevated
Protein-bound iodine measures ____ ____, and measures the level of thyroxine (T4) produced (not a nutritional assessment parameter)
Energy metabolism
Protein-bound iodine is higher during…
-Periods of rapid growth
-Pregnancy
-Lactation
-Fever
-Some diseases that increase cell activity (cancer, HTN)
-Exercise
Fever can increase protein-bound iodine by ___% for each degree rise in temperature
7
Calculated basal metabolic rate is ____ ____ ____
Basal energy expenditure
Basal energy expenditure is calculated using…
-Age
-Sex
-Body surface area (height, weight)
____ ____ ____ is energy expenditure that is measured similar to basal metabolic rate after a short rest and controlled intake of caffeine and alcohol
Resting metabolic rate
Resting metabolic rate is more frequently measured than basal metabolic rate; estimates higher energy expenditure than basal metabolic rate by ____-____%
10-20
Of the predictive equations, the ____ ____ _____ equation predicts resting metabolic rate within 10% of indirect calorimetry; can use with normal-weight or obese individuals
Mifflin St. Jeor
When calculating resting metabolic rate with the Mifflin St. Jeor equation, use ____ bodyweight for underweight, overweight, and obese individuals
Actual
Following changes in _____ is the most practical way of measuring energy balance
Weight
____ ____ measures heat produced in a respiration chamber (limited usefulness)
Direct calorimetry
____ ____ measures oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide excreted using a portable machine (practical way of measuring which nutrients are being used for energy, and determining caloric needs)
Indirect calorimetry
Indirect calorimetry is especially useful in what two populations?
-Burn victims
-Athletes
____ quotient is measured as the carbon dioxide expired divided by oxygen consumed
Respiratory
Respiratory quotient (RQ) is dependent on the ____ mixture being metabolized; carbohydrates alone have an RQ of 1, protein alone have an RQ of 0.82, fat alone have an RQ of 0.7, mixed intake has an RQ of 0.88
Fuel
Someone will have a lower respiratory quotient with higher ____ intake
Fat
Carbohydrates are composed of what 3 monosaccharides (simple sugars)?
-Glucose
-Galactose
-Fructose
Sucrose is a disaccharide made up of what two monosaccharides?
Glucose and fructose
Lactose is a disaccharide made up of what two monosaccharides?
Glucose and galactose
Maltose is a disaccharide made up of what two monosaccharides?
Glucose and glucose
Examples of polysaccharides:
-Starch
-Cellulose
-Pectin
-Glycogen
-Dextrin
Starch is made up of ____ chains and makes up 50% of carbohydrate intake
Glucose
Cellulose is resistant to ____ ____ and adds bulk within the GI system
Digestive enzymes
Pectin is a non-digestible component of fruits and has a _____ quality
Thickening
_____ is an animal starch made from glucose and it is stored in the muscle and liver
Glycogen
Dextrin is an intermediate product of ____ breakdown
Starch
_____ is an alcohol derived from glucose
Sorbitol
Sorbitol is absorbed more ____ than glucose by passive diffusion
Slowly
Sorbitol is converted to _____
Fructose
Excess sorbitol may cause _____
Diarrhea
Different carbohydrates in order of sweetness:
-Fructose
-Invert sugar
-Sucrose
-Glucose
-Sorbitol
-Mannitol
-Galactose
-Maltose
-Lactose
What elements make up carbohydrates?
-Hydrogen
-Carbon
-Oxygen
Sources of carbohydrates include…
-Flour
-Cereals
-Fruits
-Vegetables
-Dairy products
Functions of carbohydrates:
-Energy
-Protein-sparing action (allows most of protein to be used for tissue synthesis)
-Regulation of fat metabolism
A carbohydrate restriction leads to _____
Ketosis
What elements make up a protein molecule?
-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-Nitrogen (16%)
-Sulfur (sometimes)
What two amino acids contain sulfur?
-Cysteine
-Methionine (essential)
Amino acids that have an ____ group are bases, while amino acids that have ____ groups are acids
Amino; carboxyl
Essential amino acids:
-Threonine
-Valine
-Tryptophan
-Isoleucine
-Leucine
-Lysine
-Phenylalanine
-Methionine
-Histidine
TV TILL PMH
What two amino acids are conditionally essential during catabolic stress?
-Arginine
-Glutamine
_____ is a precursor to serotonin and niacin
Tryptophan
Phenylalanine converts to _____
Tyrosine
Methionine converts to _____
Cysteine
A ____ protein is one that has all essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and ratio to maintain body tissues and promote growth (HBV- high biological value)
Complete
For someone with a low-protein diet, they should be given mostly ___ biological value proteins
High
An ____ protein is one that is deficient in one or more essential amino acids
Incomplete
____ protein are amino acids
Simple
A ____ protein is one that is a simple protein plus a non-protein substance (lipoprotein)
Conjugated
_____ proteins are fragments from simple and conjugated proteins (peptide)
Derived
Sources of protein:
-Meat
-Poultry
-Fish
-Eggs
-Milk
-Legumes
Functions of protein:
-Tissue synthesis
-Maintains growth
-Regulated body processes
Protein is an inefficient energy source, as _____ needs to be removed first
Nitrogen
____% of protein can be converted to glucose
58
A normal person requires ____ g/kg of body weight
0.8
Protein should make up ___-___% of total energy intake
10-15
Soybeans are low in what essential amino acid?
Methionine
____ protein is equivalent in protein quality to animal protein
Soy
Legumes are low in what three amino acids?
-Methionine
-Cysteine
-Tryptophan
Gelatin is low in what low 2 amino acids?-
-Methionine
-Lysine
Gelatine contains none of what amino acid?
Tryptophan
Fat molecules are composed of what elements?
-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-Oxygen
Simple fats, or _____, are made up of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule (most food fat is a triglyceride)
Triglycerides
A ____ fat is a simple fat plus another component
Compound
An example of a compound fat is ____, which is found in cell membranes and allows control of what passes in and out of the cell
Phospholipid
Most phospholipids are lecithins, which contain _____, a lipotropic factor
Choline
Lecithins/choline helps prevent ____ accumulation in the liver
Fat
Lecithin/choline functions in the transport and utilization of fatty acids and cholesterol through the enzyme _____
LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acetyltransferase)
A ____ fat is a fat substance made from a simple or compound fat by hydrolysis or enzymatic breakdown
Derived
Examples of derived fat:
-Fatty acid
-Glycerol
-Steroid
With ____ fatty acids, all available bonds of carbon chains are filled with hydrogen; they are solid and hard at room temperature
Saturated
____ fatty acids have one or more double bonds
Unsaturated
A fat with one double bond is a ____ fatty acid; a fat with two or more double bonds is a ____ fatty acid
Monounsaturated; polyunsaturated
The most polyunsaturated fat is ____ oil, while the most unsaturated fat is _____ oil
Safflower; canola
____ fats are most likely to experience rancidity
Polyunsaturated (safflower)
The absence of essential fatty acid(s) will create a specific ____ disease
Deficiency
Deficiency of linoleic acid (omega 6) causes…
-Eczema
-Poor growth rates
-Petechiae (red/purple skin spots)
If linoleic acid (omega 6) replaces cholesterol in the diet, LDL ____ and HDL ____
Decreases; Increases
If linoleic acid (omega 6) replaces saturated fat in the diet, total cholesterol _____ and HDL ____
Decreases; decreases
_____ oil is the best source of linoleic acid (omega 6)
Safflower
Alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3) is responsible for…
-Retinal function
-Brain development
Deficiency of alpha-linoleic acid (omega 3) causes…
-Blurred vision
-Neurological changes
-Numbness
Alpha-linoleic acid (omega 3) comes mainly from…
-Fish oils
-Walnuts
-Flaxseeds
-Canola
Fish oils contain ____ and ____
-EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid)
-DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
Alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3) decreases hepatic production of ____ (inhibits VLDL synthesis)
Triglycerides
Alpha-linolenic acid (omega 3) has little effect on total ____level
Cholesterol
Fatty acids are straight hydrocarbon chains terminating a ____ group on one end and a ____ group at the other end
Carboxyl; methyl
Fatty acids are classified by the number of ____ in the chain, as well as the position of the first double bond, and the number of double bonds
Carbons
The location of the first double bond, counted from the methyl ends of the fatty acid, is designated by the ____ sign
Omega
Linoleic acid has ____ double bonds, while alpha-linolenic acid has ____
2; 3
_____ is a reduction process of adding hydrogen at the double bond to unsaturated fatty acids to increase saturation and stability
Hydrogenation
With ____ fatty acids, hydrogens are across from each other; they pack as tightly as saturated fatty acids
Trans
Trans fatty acid intake can influence membrane ____ and may be harmful to cell function
Fluidity
Trans fats are found in ____ fat (4-8%), as well as margarine, shortening, and frying fats as a product of partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Milk
____ fatty acids have hydrogens on the same side as the double bond; occur in most natural fats and oils
Cis
Saturated fats, from most saturated to least:
-Coconut oil
-Palm kernel
-Cocoa butter
-Butter
-Palm oil
-Canola
____-____ ____ are saturated fatty acids that have between 5 and 12 carbons
Medium-chain triglycerides
Where are medium-chain triglycerides found?
-Milk fat
-Coconut oil
-Palm kernel oil
Examples of monounsaturated fats, from most monounsaturated to least:
-Olive oil
-Canola oil
-Peanut oil
-Sunflower oil
-Coconut oil (MCT source)
Examples of polyunsaturated fats, from most polyunsaturated to least:
-Safflower oil
-Corn oil
-Soybean oil
-Cottonseed oil
-Palm kernel oil
Butter contains a combination of what three types of fat, in order from most to least?
-Saturated fatty acids
-Monounsaturated fatty acids
-Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Margarine contains a combination of what three types of fat, in order from most to least?
-Polyunsaturated fatty acids
-Monounsaturated fatty acids
-Saturated fatty acids
Most heart-healthy lipids have ____ grams of trans fat, no partially hydrogenated oils, and are liquid plant oils
0
Functions of lipids:
-Energy
-Insulation and padding
-Depressing gastric secretion, therefore delaying gastric emptying
Fat has less ____ and more ____ than carbohydrates, therefore provides more energy
Oxygen, carbon
Fat should make up no more than ____% of total energy intake
30
Alcohol is metabolized as fat and is ____ kcal/g (kcal from alcohol= (0.8)(proof)(ounces)
7
Alcohol requires no _____, and is readily absorbed by simple diffusion through the stomach or small intestine lining and transported unaltered into the bloodstream
Digestion
Alcohol ____ beta-oxidation of fatty acids
Decreases
Alcohol promotes ____ synthesis
Triglyceride
Alcohol is an established risk factor for ____ ___ ____ cancer, and may increase risk for breast cancer
Head and neck
_____ oils are found in salad dressings; they don’t crystallize when cold and are clear, not cloudy
Winterized
What are three examples of winterized oils?
-Corn oil
-Soy oil
-Cottonseed oil
“Christmas cold sweater”
Folate is a ____-soluble vitamin
Water
____ is a precursor to folate
PABA
Folate is ____-dependent
Zinc
Functions of folate:
-DNA synthesis
-Forms red blood cells (with B12) in bone marrow
-Prevents neural tube defects
Sources of folate:
-Fortified dry cereal
-Liver
-Kidney
-Green leafy vegetables
-Citrus fruits
-Lentils
-Beans
An adult needs ____ micrograms of folate, with needs increasing to ____ during pregnancy
400; 600
Deficiency of folate can cause…
-Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia
-Diarrhea
-Fatigue
-Irritability
-Dyspnea
Vitamin B6 is also known as ____
Pyridoxine
_____ is a drug that acts as an antagonist to B6 (pyridoxine)-> must supplement with B6 to avoid deficiency
Isoniazid
B6 (pyridoxine) acts as a ____ in amino acid metabolism during deamination and transamination
Coenzyme
With increased ____ intake, there is increased levels of pyridoxine
Protein
Sources of B6 (pyridoxine):
-Meats
-Wheat
-Corn
-Yeast
-Pork
-Liver
-Ready-to-eat cereal
B6 (pyridoxine) needs for a female:
1.2-1.7 mg/day
B6 (pyridoxine) needs for a male:
1.3-1.5 mg/day
Deficiency of B6 (pyridoxine) causes…
-Seizures
-Anemia
-Dermatitis
-Glossitis
-Peripheral neuropathy
Vitamin B12 is also known as _____
Cyanocobalamin
B12 (cyanocobalamin) contains _____
Cobalt
B12 (cyanocobalamin) is bound by ____ ____ in gastric juice
Intrinsic factor
B12 (cyanocobalamin) is a coenzyme in _____ synthesis
Protein
B12 (cyanocobalamin) is involved in ____ ____ ____ formation
Red blood cell
