Module 12 - Infancy and childhood

Question 1

critical period

Answer 1

• window of time when exposure to certain stimuli is necessary for an aspect of development
• ex: may be one for language but hard to know because it can’t be ethically studied

Question 2

schema

Answer 2

conceptual framework for understanding what something is, what it involves, and what it’s like

Question 3

assimilation

Answer 3

• interpreting new information based on existing schema
• understanding what is going on using information that you already know

Question 4

accommodation

Answer 4

• adapting schema to incorporate new information
• new information changes what you know

Question 5

Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development

Answer 5

1. sensorimotor
2. pre operational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational

Question 6

Sensorimotor stage (Piaget)

Answer 6

• brith to nearly 2 years
• experience the world through senses and actions
• learn object permanence and stranger anxiety

Question 7

Preoperational stage (Piaget)

Answer 7

• 2-6/7 years
• representing things with words and images
• use intuitive rather than logical reasoning
• learn pretend play and egocentrism

Question 8

Concrete operational stage (Piaget)

Answer 8

• 7-11 years
• thinking logically about concrete events
• grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations
• learn conservation and mathematical transformations

Question 9

Formal operational stage (Piaget)

Answer 9

• 12 years to adulthood
• reasoning abstractly
• learn abstract logic and potential for mature moral reasoning

Question 10

Autism spectrum disorder

Answer 10

• deficits in communication, social interaction, and interpreting emotions
• unusual posture and tone of voice (sometimes nonverbal)
• fixated interests, repetitive behaviors
• reduced communication among brain regions that normally work together in understanding other perspectives
• genetic and prenatal influences
• “extreme male brain”

Question 11

what is the procedure/purpose of the strange situation paradigm?

Answer 11

• infant is in the room with their mother and a stranger
• the mother leaves and comes back and the infant’s reaction is observed
• used to determine infant attachment styles

Question 12

secure attachment

Answer 12

• infant is comfortable with mother nearby
• becomes distressed when mother leaves
• quickly comforted when mother returns

Question 13

insecure attachment

Answer 13

• any deviation from the secure attachment
  ex:
• baby is comfortable exploring with mother nearby - isn’t secure
• baby doesn’t care when mom leaves - isn’t attached

Question 14

permissive parenting

Answer 14

• few boundaries
• children are often aggressive and immature
• because they never had boundaries

Question 15

authoritarian parenting

Answer 15

• extremely strict and unreceptive
• more likely to be impaired in social skills and have lower self esteem

Question 16

authoritative parenting

Answer 16

• clear boundries, but communicative
• children tend to have better social skills and higher self esteem

Question 17

neglectful parenting

Answer 17

• children tend to have poor academic and social outcomes