Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology of Domestic Animals II > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

HPG

A

Hypothalamus
(anterior) pituitary
gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

HPT

A

Hypothalamus
(anterior) pituitary
thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In females LH does what

A

causes ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In females FSH does what

A

controls the menstrual cycle
initiates follicle growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In males LH does what

A

development of testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

In males FSH does what

A

sperm cell genesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Half life of a hormone

A

the time required for its concentration to decrease to half of its initial concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Half life is inversely related to

A

metabolic clearance rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PDE

A

phosphodiesterase
ends the 2nd messenger system by dephosphorylating the enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Afferent

A

away from the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Efferent

A

towards the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three main examples for Afferent vs. Efferent

A

Blood vessels
Lymph vessels
Nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of cell communication

A

Endocrine
Autocrine
Paracrine
Juxtracrine
Intracrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Endocrine cell communication

A

target sites are on distant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Autocrine cell communication

A

signal is released outside of the cell and acts on itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Paracrine cell communication

A

target sites are on adjacent cells, rapid breakdown of ligand helps prevent distant effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Juxtracrine cell communication

A

ligand on signaling cell binds target cell receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Intracrine cell communication

A

signal is released within the cell and acts within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Organs involved in the endocrine system

A

Pineal gland
pituitary gland
thyroid
adrenal gland
pancreas
uterus/ovaries in female
testes in male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH
Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ADH is released by the _____, targets the _____, and effects ______.

A

released by the hypothalamus

stored in the posterior pituitary

targets the kidneys, sweat glands, circulatory system

Effects water balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Oxytocin (OT) is made by the ______, targets the ______, and effects _______

A

made by the posterior pituitary

targets the female reproductive system

effects- triggers uterine contractions during childbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

LH-luteinizing hormone
FSH-follicle stimulating hormone
TSH- Thyroid stimulating hormone
PRL-Prolactin
GH-growth hormone
ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Luteinizing hormone is released by _______, released from the _______, targets the _______, and effects _____

A

Released by GnRH

Released from the anterior pituitary

targets the reproductive system

stimulates production of sex hormones by the gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Follicle Stimulating hormone is released by _____, released from _____, targets ______, and effects _____

A

released by GnRH

released from the anterior pituitary

targets the reproductive system

effect- stimulates production of sperm and eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Thyroid Stimulating hormone is released by _____, released from the _____, targets _____, and effects ______

A

released by Thyroid Releasing Hormone

released from the anterior pituitary

targets the thyroid gland

effect- stimulates the release of thyroid hormone which regulates metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Prolactin is released by _____, released from _____, targets ______, and effects ______

A

released by Prolactin releasing hormone (inhibited by Parathyroid inhibiting hormone)

released from the anterior pituitary

targets the mammary glands

effect- promotes milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Growth hormone is released by ______, released from _____, targets _____, and effects ______

A

released by growth hormone releasing hormone (inhibited by Growth hormone inhibiting hormone)

released from the anterior pituitary

targets the liver, bone, muscle

effect- induces targets to produce Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) which then stimulates body growth and a higher metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ACTH is released by _____, released from _____, targets _____, and effects _____

A

released by CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)

released from the anterior pituitary

targets the adrenal glands

effect- induces targets to produce glucocorticoids, which regulate metabolism and the stress response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Tissue types in the pituitary

A

PD-pars distalis- anterior
PN-pars nervosa- posterior
PI- pars intermedia- intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Anterior pituitary cell types

A

acidophils
basophils
chromophobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Acidophils do what

A

protein hormones
GH, PRL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Basophils do what

A

glycoprotein hormones
ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Chromophobes are

A

support cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The hypothalamus releases growth hormone-releasing hormone that stimulates

A

the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The release of growth hormone

A

stimulates adipose cells to break down stored fat, fueling growth effects

increases uptake of amino acids from blood and enhances cellular proliferation and reduces apoptosis

stimulates liver to break down glycogen into glucose, fueling growth effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When the liver is stimulated by GH it does what

A

breaks down glycogen into glucose
releases IFG-1 which stimulates growth effects further

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

High IGF-1 levels are perceived by the _______ and cause _______

A

hypothalamus

cause GHIH release to inhibit GH in the anterior pituitary

slows growth effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

ADH does what

A

regulates blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Hormone regulation techniques

A

feedback loops
half life and clearance rates
source
targets (receptors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Galactorrhea

A

abnormal or prolonged lactation/overgrowth of the cells that produce prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

too much cortisol (glucocorticoid)

pituitary tumor overproduces ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Growth Hormone Problems

A

hyposomatotropinism
hypersomatotropinism
caused by trauma or a tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Hyposomatotropinism

A

not enough growth hormone
dwarfism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Hypersomatotropinism

A

too much growth hormone

In adults it leads to acromegaly

In children it leads to gigantism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Polyuria

A

produces abnormally high volumes of dilute urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Hyponatremia

A

low Na+ blood retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Hypernatremia

A

High Na+ in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Hyponatremia results from

A

excessive urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Hypernatremia results from

A

extreme thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Diabetes insipidus four types

A

Central
nephrogenic
dipsogenic
gestational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Diabetes insipidus- Central type is caused by

A

lack of ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Diabetes insipidus- nephrogenic is caused by

A

ADH production is okay but kidneys don’t respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Diabetes insipidus- dipsogenic is caused by

A

problem with hypothalamus makes you thirsty- drink too much

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Diabetes insipidus- gestational is caused by

A

placenta making too much enzyme that breaks down ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Thyroid gland hormones

A

thyroxine T4
triiodothyronine T3
Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3 are what class of hormone

A

amine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine effect

A

stimulate basal metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Calcitonin is what class of hormone

A

peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Calcitonin effects

A

reduces blood Ca2+ levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

levels of thyroid hormone are low

gland can be small or large (goiter)

weight gain, tiredness, cold

Iodine deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

levels of thyroid hormone are high

high energy levels, skinny, overheat easy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Thyroid Hormone synthesis

A
  1. inorganic iodide is transported into the gland
  2. intrathyroidal iodide is oxidized to iodine under the influence of H2O2 and peroxidase
  3. iodine is bound in thyroglobulin to tyrosine, forming monoiodotryrosine and diiodotyrosine
  4. the iodotyrosines are enzymatically coupled to form thyroxine and triiodothyronine
  5. iodothyronines, T4 and T3, are stored in thyroglobulin until released into circulation
  6. the unused iodotyrosines are deiodinated and the iodide is recycled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

parathyroid hormone is the opposite of

A

calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Parathyroid hormone effects

A

increases blood calcium levels when they are low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Adrenal gland regions

A

medulla- middle
cortex- outer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Adrenal cortex zones

A

Zona reticularis- inner
Zona fasciculata- middle
Zona glomerulosa- outer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

The Zona reticularis secretes what hormone

A

mineralcorticoids
Aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Zona fasciculata secretes

A

glucocorticoids
cortisol
corticosterone
cortisone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Zona glomerulosa secretes

A

Gonadocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal glands

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone
epinephrine/norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Aldosterone is what class of hormone

A

steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Aldosterone effect

A

increases blood Na+ levles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone hormone class

A

steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone effect

A

increases blood glucose leveles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Epinephrine, norepinephrine hormone class

A

amine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Epinephrine, norepinephrine effect

A

stimulates fight or flight response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

3 plasma proteins that are found bound to thyroid hormone

A

thyroxine
transthyretin
albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Parathyroid glands have what type of receptors

A

calcium sensing that mobilize intracellular calcium in response to activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Two cell types in the parathyroid

A

oxyphil cells- function unknown thought to be retired chief cells
Chief cells- make/secrete parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Parathyroid hormone does what

A

stimulates osteoclasts, inhibits osteoblasts
stimulates reabsorption int kidney
stimulates calcitriol in the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

thyroid hormone function

A

regulation of basal metabolic rate

protein synthesis

normal fetal and childhood development

interact with repro hormones

increase sensitivity to catecholamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Pineal gland function

A

light induced activation of suprachiasmatic nucleus
which prevents melatonin secretion from the pinacocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Pinacocytes create

A

melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Reproductive hormones of the testes

A

testosterone
Inhibin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Testosterone is what class of hormone

A

steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

testosterone effect on testes

A

stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics and sperm production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

inhibin hormone class

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

inhibin effect on testes

A

inhibits FSH release from the pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

hormones of the ovaries

A

estrogens and progesterones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Estrogens and progesterones hormone class

A

steroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

estrogens and progesterones effect on the ovaries

A

stimulates development of female secondary sex characteristics and prepare body for childbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

hormone of the placenta

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin hormone class

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin effect on placenta

A

promotes progesterone synthesis during pregnancy and inhibits immune response against the fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Length of the estrus cycle in cattle

A

21 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What happens in the luteal phase of the estrus cycle

A

Under the influence of progesterone
day 1-17
ovulation marks the beginning of this phase
group of follicles are recruited and grown in response to FSH
One follicle becomes dominant and matures in to an ovum
LH causes the cells on the ovary that made up the follicle differentiate and make a Corpus luteum
CL makes progesterone which inhibits LH and FSH and prevents ovulation
If not pregnant prostaglandin lyses the luteal tissue and causes regression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Follicular phase of the estrus cycle

A

begins with the removal of progesterone which allows for GnRH pulses
Results in more FSH and LH production which supports follicular development
The dominant follicle produces increasing amounts of estrogen that once it reaches threshold, a surge of LH results in ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

How is vitamin D made

A

a precursor gets converted in the skin by UV, then modified in the liver, and modified again in the kidney to the active form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

General Adaptation syndrome GAS is

A

responses to stress- 3 stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

3 stages of GAS

A
  1. alarm reaction-fight or flight-short term
  2. resistance-adapt metabolism
  3. exhaustion-depression, immune suppression, weight gain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)

A

Blood pressure falls
kidneys release renin
renin splits angiotensinogen (made in liver) into pieces- angiotensin I
Angiotensin is inactive and flows through the blood, split by ACE in lungs and kidneys to make angiotensin II which is active
angiotensin II causes arterioles to constrict- increasing blood pressure and triggering adrenal glands to release aldosterone to pituitary and ADH
Aldosterone and ADH cause kidneys to retain sodium which increases sodium and causes water retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Endocrine pancreas synthesizes and secretes hormones into the

A

blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Where the cell types in the endocrine pancreas reside

A

islets of langerhans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Cell types in the Islets of langerhan

A

alpha, beta, delta, PP cells
which make glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Exocrine pancreas synthesizes and secretes

A

digestive hormones

108
Q

Insulin is made in

A

the pancreas by beta cells

109
Q

Hormones of the pancreas

A

Insulin
glucagon

110
Q

Insulin is what hormone class

A

protein

111
Q

Insulin effects

A

reduces blood glucose levels

112
Q

Glucagon is what hormone class

A

protein

113
Q

Glucagon effect

A

inhibits blood glucose levels

114
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 is

A

autoimmune- attacks beta cells that make insulin

115
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

A

acquired insulin resistance
beta cells secrete insulin and become exhausted

116
Q

Kidney hormones

A

Renin
Calcitriol
erythropoietin EPO

117
Q

Renin effect

A

stimulates release of aldosterone

118
Q

Calcitriol effect

A

aids in absorption of Ca2+

119
Q

Erythropoietin EPO effects

A

triggers the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow

120
Q

Adipose tissue hormone

A

leptin

121
Q

Leptin effect

A

promotes satiety signals in the brain

122
Q

Skin hormones

A

Cholecalciferol

123
Q

Cholecalciferol effect

A

modified into vitamin D

124
Q

Liver hormones

A

Insulin
angiotensinogen

125
Q

Insulin is triggered by

A

food in intestine
blood glucose levels

126
Q

Organs/glands that don’t require insulin to take up glucose

A

RBC, brain, liver, kidneys, small intestine lining, lactating mammary glands

127
Q

Target cells of insulin

A

skeletal muscle and adipocytes
lots of them so they balance out the organs that don’t need insulin to take up glucose

128
Q

Insulin Action

A

activates tyrosine kinase receptors
move intracellular vesicles with glucose transporters to the cell membrane
fuse and expose glucose transporters to extracellular fluid which then move glucose into the cell by facilitative diffusion

129
Q

Glycogen

A

branched
how glucose is stored
does not affect glucose equilibrium

130
Q

bonds in glycogen

A

1.4 and 1.6

131
Q

Insulin stimulates

A

glycolysis
glycogenesis
lipogenesis
protein synthesis

132
Q

Insulin inhibits

A

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis

133
Q

Insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) is secreted in the _____ and effects _____

A

liver
stimulates bodily growth

134
Q

what is called the 2nd brain

A

the gut

135
Q

Alimentary tract

A

goes from mouth to anus

136
Q

Layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

137
Q

epithelial lining meant for protection uses

A

stratifies squamous
nothing gets in/no absorption

138
Q

epithelial lining meant for absorption uses

A

simple columnar
has the height to fit take up, modification, and transport out of

139
Q

Lumen

A

the opening in the middle

140
Q

goblet cells

A

column shaped cells that secrete mucus

141
Q

mucus

A

secreted by mucus membranes for lubrication and protection

142
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

make hormones and secrete them in the gut

143
Q

mucosa layer contains

A

lamina propia- loose CT
- blood and lymph vessels
-MALT-mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
muscularis mucosa- smooth muscle layer that tone creates folds

144
Q

Submucosa layer contains

A

dense CT
blood, lymph, submucosal glands, nerves
muscularis externa- not at certain parts

145
Q

Serosa layer

A

only in the abdominal cavity
loose CT layer

146
Q

Two types of GI nerve supply

A

intrinsic
extrinsic

147
Q

intrinsic nerves

A

enteric neurons independent of the CNS
mouth to anus

148
Q

Myenteric plexus is responsible for

A

peristalsis

149
Q

submucosal plexus

A

submucosa
regulates digestive secretions
reacts to food/chemicals/nutrients

150
Q

Extrinsic nerves

A

autonomic nervous system
fight or flight-inhibits intrinsic
rest and digest-stimulates intrinsic

151
Q

Blood supply to the GI tract is used to

A

transport absorbed AAs and carbs
supply nutrients to gut cells

152
Q

The hepatic portal system makes sure that

A

the liver gets first shot at processing and storing what is absorbed

153
Q

During rest and digest what happens to blood flow

A

25% goes to the gut to aid with function

154
Q

GI tract peritoneum layers

A

parietal
visceral

155
Q

parietal layer

A

lines abdominal wall

156
Q

visceral layer

A

surrounds the gut organs

157
Q

6 activities of GIT

A

ingestion
propulsion
mechanical/physical digestion
chemical digestion
absorption
defecation

158
Q

Function of the mouth

A

break up food particles

159
Q

function of salivary glands

A

moisten and lubricate food
amylase digests polysaccharides

160
Q

function of esophagus

A

transport food

161
Q

Function of liver

A

break down and build biological molecules
store vitamins and iron
destroy old blood cells
destroy poisons
secrete bile

162
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

store and concentrate bile

163
Q

Function of stomach

A

stores and churns food
pepsin digest protein
HCl breaks down food and kills germs
mucus protects the stomach
limited absorption

164
Q

Function of small intestine

A

absorb nutrients, most water
peptidase digest proteins
sucrases digest sugars
amylase digests polysaccharides

165
Q

Function of pancreas

A

hormones regulate glucose levels
bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid
trypsin and chymotrypsin digest proteins
amylase digest polysaccharides
lipase digest lipids

166
Q

Function of large intestine

A

reabsorption of some water
forms and stores feces

167
Q

function of anus

A

opening for eliminating feces

168
Q

function of rectum

A

store and expels feces

169
Q

chyme

A

soup of digesta, acid and enzymes

170
Q

segmentation

A

peristalsis forward and reverse for more movement

171
Q

Long reflexes are

A

extrinsic

172
Q

short reflexes are

A

intrinsic

173
Q

Endocrine two secretions

A

Gastrin
Secretin

174
Q

Gastrin

A

secreted in stomach
food present stimulates acid secretion from parietal cells

175
Q

Secretin

A

secreted in duodenum
neutralizes stomach acid

176
Q

CCK- cholecytokinin

A

stimulates pancreatic enzymes and bile

177
Q

GIP-gastric inhibitory peptide

A

slows motility and emptying

178
Q

Plexus

A

network of nerves, blood, or lymph vessels

179
Q

Omentum

A

a fold of the peritoneum

180
Q

Greater omentum

A

lies superficial of the small intestine and transverse colon
site of fat deposition in overweight people

181
Q

lesser Omentum

A

suspends the stomach from the inferior border of the liver
provides a pathway for structures connecting to the liver

182
Q

Glucagon-like peptide I

A

tissue specific posttranslational modification of proglucagon
produced by enteroendocrine upon food intake

183
Q

Oral cavity

A

the mouth

184
Q

Labia

A

lips

185
Q

oral vestibule

A

the space between the soft tissue and the teeth and gums

186
Q

Fauces

A

the narrow passage from the mouth to the pharynx situated between the soft palate and the base of the tongue

187
Q

Hard palate

A

a thin horizontal bony plate made up of two bones of the facial skeleton, located in the roof of the mouth

188
Q

soft palate

A

the muscular part at the back of the roof of the mouth

189
Q

Uvula

A

the soft flap of tissue that hangs down at the back of the mouth

190
Q

Tonsils palatine/lingual

A

two round, fleshy masses in the back of the throat

part of the immune system

191
Q

Job of the tongue

A

creates the bolus

192
Q

Papillae

A

tastebuds/ touch receptors

193
Q

Lingual lipase

A

under the tongue
releases digestion enzyme for lipids

194
Q

Lingual frenulum

A

folds of mucus membrane under the center of the tongue
anchors the tongue

195
Q

Three salivary glands

A

submandibular
sublingual
parotid

196
Q

submandibular

A

under the mandible

197
Q

sublingual salivary glands are located

A

under the tongue

198
Q

parotid salivary glands are located

A

beneath the front of each ear

199
Q

Job of saliva

A

lubricate and digest

200
Q

Components of saliva

A

95% water
amylase
bicarb and phosphate

201
Q

Salivation is controlled by

A

autonomic nervous system and conditioning

202
Q

Deciduous

A

baby teeth

203
Q

incisors

A

narrow edged tooth at the front of the mouth
used for cutting

204
Q

Cuspids

A

canine teeth
pointed tooth between the incisors and premolars

205
Q

Bicuspids

A

permanent teeth located between the canine teeth and the molars
premolar teeth

206
Q

molars

A

a tooth with a rounded or flattened surface adapted for grinding

207
Q

Cusp

A

tip or point

208
Q

Digestive function of lips and cheeks

A

confine food between teeth

209
Q

digestive functions of the salivary glands

A

secrete saliva

210
Q

digestive function of tongue extrinsic muscle

A

move the tongue sideways and in and out to shape food into a bolus and manipulate to swallow

211
Q

Digestive function of tongue intrinsic muscle

A

changes tongues shape and manipulate food

212
Q

Digestive function of taste buds

A

sense food in the mouth and sense taste

213
Q

Digestive function of lingual glands

A

secrete lingual lipase to break down lipids

214
Q

digestive function of teeth

A

shred and crush food
mechanical digestion

215
Q

Parts of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

216
Q

Job of nasopharynx

A

breathing and speaking

217
Q

Job of oropharynx

A

breathe and digest

218
Q

job of Laryngopharynx

A

breathe and digest

219
Q

The upper esophageal sphincter job

A

controls movement of food from pharynx to esophagus

220
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter job

A

movement of food from esophagus to stomach

221
Q

Peristalsis

A

propels bolus through the esophagus

222
Q

Deglutition means

A

swallowing

223
Q

Three phases of deglutition

A

Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

224
Q

What happens during the pharyngeal phase during deglutition

A

reflex to ovula
soft palate causes deglutition apnea
laryngeal muscle closes trachea

225
Q

What happens during the esophageal phase

A

enters esophagus triggering peristalsis and mucus
relaxes cardiac sphincter

226
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A

cardia
fundus
body
pylorus

227
Q

what does the surface of the stomach have

A

mucus cells and gastric pits

228
Q

Cells of gastric glands

A

Parietal cells
chief cells
mucous neck cells
enteroendocrine cells

229
Q

Parietal cells are located where and do what

A

in the middle of the gastric gland
secrete HCl and intrinsic factor required for vit B12 absorption in the SI

230
Q

Chief cells are located where and does what

A

base of the gastric gland
secretes pepsinogen

231
Q

Mucous neck cells do what

A

secrete thin mucus used to protect

232
Q

Enteroendocrine cells do what

A

secrete hormones in the GIT

233
Q

Hormones of Enteroendocrine cells of the stomach

A

Gastrin
Ghrelin
somatostatin

234
Q

Gastrin is secreted by, targets what, and does what action

A

secreted by G cells
small intestine- muscle contraction
Ileocecal valve- releases
Large intestine- mass movement- defecation

235
Q

Ghrelin is secreted by, targets what, and does what action

A

mucosa
stimulated by fasting
targets hypothalamus
effects hunger/satiety

236
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by, targets what, and does what action

A

mucosa
stomach-decrease secretions, motility, emptying
pancreas- decreases secretions
small intestine- decreases absorption and blood flow

237
Q

Gastric secretion 3 phases

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

238
Q

What happens during the Cephalic phase of Gastric secretion

A

reflex phase- conditioned reflex
no food in the stomach yet

239
Q

What happens during the gastric phase of gastric secretion

A

3-4 hours
food enters, stomach stretches, secretions and contractions

240
Q

What happens during the intestinal phase of gastric secretion

A

Excitatory- chyme in the duodenum- enteric gastrin and increases gastric juice
Inhibitory- duodenum is full- inhibits secretion and close pyloric sphincter

241
Q

Components of the gastric mucosal barrier

A

mucus
bicarbonate
tight junction

242
Q

Stomach digestive functions- mechanical

A

mixing waves
pyloris filtering
gastric emptying

243
Q

Stomach digestive functions- chemical

A

fundus stores food and gas
mixing
protein digestion
intoinisic factor

244
Q

Pernicious anemia is

A

impaired absorption of vitamin B12
parietal cells are targeted by antibodies

245
Q

Megoblastic Anemia are identifiable by

A

large nucleated red blood cell precursors
caused by deficiency or defective utilization of vitamin B12

246
Q

Haptocorrin does what

A

binds B12 and protects from acidity

247
Q

Haptocorrin is secreted by

A

gastric glands

248
Q

Digestive functions of the small intestine

A

primary digestive organ
nearly all absorption

249
Q

The key to small intestine digestion and absorption

A

surface area

250
Q

Parts of the small intestine in order

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

251
Q

Duodenum

A

shortest part of the small intestine
starts at pyloric sphincter
C shaped

252
Q

Ampulla of Vater

A

marks the end of anterior/start of mid section
common vile duct and pancreatic duct meet

253
Q

Middle section of the small intestine

A

Jejunum

254
Q

Ileum is the

A

last part of the small intestine- joins cecum at ileocecal sphincter
largest- thicker, vascular, more folds

255
Q

Three unique features of the Small Intestine

A

circular folds
villi
microvilli

256
Q

Goblet cells produce

A

mucus

257
Q

Paneth cells produce

A

lysosome

258
Q

G Cells produce

A

gastrin

259
Q

I Cells produce

A

Cholecystokinin CCK

260
Q

K Cells produce

A

insulinotropic peptide
stimulates the release of insulin

261
Q

M Cells produce

A

motilin

262
Q

S Cells produce

A

secretin

263
Q

Mechanical digestion in the SI includes

A

segmentation
peristalsis
gastrolienal reflex

264
Q

Segmentation

A

constrictions that move with peristalsis

265
Q

Gastrolienal Reflex

A

digestion in the stomach triggers segmentation
Gastrin stimulates ileal motility

266
Q

The small intestine digests

A

proteins, carbs, lipids
and reabsorbs water

267
Q

MALT stands for

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissues
immune cells in the mucosa

Physiology of Domestic Animals II (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions