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Physiology of Domestic Animals II > Whole Body Growth Lecture > Flashcards

Whole Body Growth Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Cumulative growth over time is shaped like

A

sigmoidal curve

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2
Q

Cumulative weight is expressed as

A

total weight at any given time

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3
Q

Shape of cumulative growth is really

A

stair stepped due to sporadic growth spurts

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4
Q

Self accelerating phase is characterized by

A

exponential growth
rapid growth with little complexity

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5
Q

In the Self-accelerating phase velocity of growth continues to increase because

A

there are more and more cells available to divide

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6
Q

rate at which each cell divides soon begins to slow because it becomes

A

difficult to supply each cell with nutrients and efficiently remove harmful waste

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7
Q

How does the embryo respond to the slowing of the rate at which each cell divides

A

develops increasingly complex transport mechanisms to supply nutrients and remove waste

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8
Q

when acceleration force is in balance with the counteracting effects of increased complexity and limited nutrients, growth becomes

A

linear

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9
Q

Point of Inflection

A

point of maximum growth velocity after which the animal will continue growing but at a decreasing rate

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10
Q

Maximum growth velocity=

A

period of greatest ADG

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11
Q

Point of inflection occurs during

A

puberty

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12
Q

Self-decelerating phase

A

animal approaches mature weight at a decreasing rate of growth

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13
Q

Reduced growth rate is controlled by

A

many signals including the secretion of somatostatin by the hypothalamus

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14
Q

Asymptote

A

Point at which food intake matches maintenance requirement
Mature body weight

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15
Q

Mature body weight fluctuates throughout life depending on

A

available food
reproductive cycle
season

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16
Q

Failure of vital systems is usually after the

A

reproductive phase of life

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16
Q

Growth may be compared as a function of

A

chronological age
physiological age

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16
Q

why is the death of an animal important

A

ensures space for the next generation

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17
Q

Growth over time may be described using different types of curves:

A

Cumulative
absolute
relative

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18
Q

Chronological age

A

age in absolute time units
not the same for every animal

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19
Q

Factors that influence growth that can alter the shape of the growth curve

A

Nutrition
disease
stress
activity level

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20
Q

Physiological age is used to

A

overcome drawbacks of using chronological age as a point of comparision

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21
Q

Physiological age refers to specific physical or chemical stages of maturity including

A

height
weight
composition
puberty

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22
Q

sexual maturity

A

the age at which animals are successfully able to reproduce

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23
Q

Cumulative growth curve

A

plot of total animal weight over time
sigmoidal curve

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24
Q

Cumulative curves are useful to compare growth but are

A

not easy to interpret to determine the period of maximum growth (point of inflection)

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25
Q

Absolute growth rate curve

A

plots gain per unit of time against time
ADG per unit of time

26
Q

Calculating overall absolute growth rate

A

ADG=(Y2-Y1)/(t2-t1)

27
Q

Is absolute growth rate curve a true growth rate of the animal

A

no- rate changes as an animal grows
ADG is only accurate if the time interval is short

28
Q

Are we measuring growth relative to where the animal is on its Growth curve using ADG

A

No

29
Q

Relative growth rate curve

A

growth in relation to total weight
whole body or individual tissue growth

30
Q

Relative growth is greatest

A

During initial stages of development because animal is small
decreases as the animal continues to grow

31
Q

Relative growth rate curve equation

A

RGR=(LnY2-LnY1)/(t2-t1)

32
Q

whole body growth curves represent a

A

sum of growth of many different tissues that develop at dramatically different rates

33
Q

First person to fully appreciate whole body growth curve

A

John Hammond (1889-1964)

34
Q

Hammond studies animals under

A

typical conditions and under malnutrition

35
Q

Hammond’s observations

A

body components that are physiologically more important develop first
Extremities complete their development first

36
Q

Allometric growth

A

study of how body parts change in size as an animal develops

37
Q

Julian Huxley studies

A

allometric growth in fiddler crabs fighting claw compared to the rest of the body

38
Q

b>1

A

tissue is growing at a faster rate than the whole and has a high growth impetus and are considered late developing tissues

39
Q

b<1

A

tissue is growing at a slower rate than the whole body and has a low growth impetus and are considered early developing tissues

40
Q

b=1

A

tissue is growing at a similar rate than the whole and has an average growth impetus
also called isometric growth

41
Q

Allometric growth based on proportions does not fully describe

A

growth changes

42
Q

When nutrition is limiting the tissues have

A

a different priority for nutrients, based on the sequence in which they developed and on their functional priority

43
Q

Is allometric growth useful

A

yes- some tissues do grow in proportion to the whole

44
Q

early developing muscles

A

distal aspects of thoracic and hind limbs
proximal thoracic and hind limb

45
Q

late developing muscle

A

abdominal muscle
neck to thoracic limb- increased weight bearing duties and potential increases from secondary sex characteristics

46
Q

Muscles developing at similar rate to the rest of the body

A

muscles surrounding the spinal column

47
Q

we can measure changes in tissue or chemical composition on an

A

absolute basis
percent basis

48
Q

absolute basis

A

cumulative weight gain over time

49
Q

percent basis

A

proportion of the total body weight over time

50
Q

Maximum growth for each tissues occurs

A

Bone>Muscle>Fat

51
Q

chemicals in bone, muscle and fat

A

water
protein
lipid
ash

52
Q

Fat becomes a ______ proportion of the body with age

A

larger

53
Q

muscle and bone make up a ______ proportion with age

A

smaller

54
Q

water and protein make up a _____ proportion with age

A

smaller

55
Q

Water is how much of muscle

A

68-85%

56
Q

Water content is greatest

A

early in life and decreases with age

57
Q

Absolute and percentage protein content

A

increases with age

58
Q

Water content of fat cells is ___ early on and _____ with age

A

high
decreases

59
Q

Protein content in bone is ___ early and ____ later in life

A

greatest
decreases

60
Q

Absolute mineral content

A

increases with age

61
Q

Fat content tends to ____ in bone

A

increase

62
Q

Connective tissue ____ with age

A

increases

63
Q

collagen and elastin increase significantly with muscle development but as a percentage it _____ with age

A

decreases

64
Q

as muscle atrophies with age, percentage of connective tissue

A

increases

Physiology of Domestic Animals II (10 decks)

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