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Pathophysiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hyperlipidemia?

A

Elevated levels of lipids, mainly cholesterol and triglycerides, in the blood.

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2
Q

What is the cause of hyperlipidemia?

A

Consuming too much fat (saturated, unsaturated, and trans) and low levels of HDL

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3
Q

Signs and sx of hyperlipidemia

A

Angina, MI, xanthoma/xanthelasma, obesity, glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, arcus senilis

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4
Q

Labs that show hyperlipidemia

A

Total Cholesterol over 150, LDL over 100, HDL below 60, and Triglycerides above 150

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5
Q

What can hyperlipidemia lead to?

A

Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

What is hypertension (HTN)?

A

Elevation of BP that is often called the silent killer

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7
Q

What is the cause of Primary HTN?

A

There is no known cause

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8
Q

What is the cause of Secondary HTN?

A

Side effect of another systemic disorder like kidney disease

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9
Q

Signs and sx of HTN

A

Headache, BP greater than 130/80, S4 heart sound, retinal blood vessel changes

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10
Q

What is the pathophysiology of HTN?

A

High BP causes endothelial lining damage. Heart resistance against the left ventricle can occur leading to hypertrophy

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11
Q

What are complications of HTN?

A

Damage to major organs, intracerebral hemorrhage, left ventricular myocardial ischemia and infarction, heart failure, thrombi/embolic brain obstruction, hypertensive retinopathy, renal disease, atherosclerosis

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12
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The build-up of plaque in the arterial walls

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13
Q

What causes atherosclerosis?

A

Endothelial injury, oxidizing free radicals, HTN, diabetes, HLD

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14
Q

What are the risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A

Obesity, high fat diet, tobacco, high stress, no exercise

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15
Q

What is Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)?

A

A disorder that involves arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis in the peripheral regions of the body outside the coronary arteries

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16
Q

What causes PAD?

A

Atherosclerosis

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17
Q

What is the pathophysiology of PAD?

A

There is reduced blood flow in the arteries that can lead to tissue ischemia. Since there is a lack of oxygen cells go through anaerobic metabolism which creates 2ATP and lactic acid.

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18
Q

Signs and sx of PAD

A

Pain in the extremities, intermittent claudication (especially with exertion), pallor of the leg, paresthesia, palpable coolness of leg, pulselessness, paresis

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19
Q

What is an Aneurysm?

A

Weakening in an artery wall that causes a localized area of bulging or dilation

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20
Q

What causes an aneurysm?

A

Damage to the artery lining

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21
Q

Signs and sx of an aneurysm

A

Headache, seizure, abrupt loss of consciousness.
AAA: nausea, vomiting, bowel or bladder disturbances, back pain, flank pain.

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22
Q

What is an Aortic Dissection?

A

A disorder that causes splitting of the layers of the wall of the aorta. The wall has a gap filled with blood

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23
Q

What is the cause of an aortic dissection?

A

Genetic predisposition, HTN, and atherosclerosis

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24
Q

What is the pathophysiology of aortic dissection?

A

The wall of the aorta is composed of collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle that breaks down when aging. During an aortic dissection, the wall undergoes splitting of the layers between the tunica intima and media.

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25
Q

Signs and sx of aortic dissection

A

Sudden chest pain that radiates to the back, syncope, sudden hypotension, tachycardia.

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26
Q

What is Angina Pectoris?

A

Squeezing pain in the chest that occurs when there is a lack of blood flow to the myocardium

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27
Q

What is Stable Angina?

A

Chronic chest pain that the client has experienced in the past and feels similar to past episodes

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28
Q

What is Unstable Angina?

A

Cardiac chest pain that is occurring for the first time in a client. It is usually more severe

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29
Q

What causes angina?

A

myocardial ischemia as a result of coronary arterial atherosclerosis

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30
Q

Signs and sx of angina

A

An episode of retrosternal crushing/squeezing chest pain with radiation to the left arm, jaw, back, and epigastric area with a duration of 1-15 minutes. Chest pain occurs with exertion and is accompanied by dyspnea, diaphoresis, and pallor

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31
Q

What are the complications of angina?

A

Myocardial infarction

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32
Q

What is an Acute Myocardial Infarction?

A

An acute coronary syndrome that occurs when the heart tissue endures prolonged ischemia without recorvery

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33
Q

What is the cause of acute myocardial infarction?

A

Coronary artery atherosclerosis

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34
Q

What is a Type 1 MI?

A

An MI occuring spontaneously due to atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombotic obstruction of coronary artery

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35
Q

What is a Type 2 MI?

A

An MI due to lack of oxygen availability for cardiac muscle, leading to ischemia and infarction

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36
Q

What is a Type 3 MI?

A

An MI death without biomarkers

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37
Q

What is a Type 4 MI?

A

An MI due to stent insertion

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38
Q

What is a Type 5 MI?

A

An MI due to CABG

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39
Q

Signs and Sx of MI?

A

Increased respiratory rate, steady retrosternal crushing chest pain with radiation to the left arm, jaw, back, and epigastric region. Pallor, diaphoresis, and dyspnea occur (commonly during exertion). Syncope, slowed HR, low BP, Levine’s sign, diminished peripheral pulses, and respiratory distress is present

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40
Q

What are the biomarkers of an MI?

A

Elevated cTnI and cTn T, elevated CPK-MB. ECG shows elevated or depressed ST segments and inverted T waves

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41
Q

What are the complications of MI?

A

Dysrhythmias, papillary muscle rupture, thromboembolism, ventricular aneurysm and rupture, pericarditis, and heart failure.

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42
Q

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis DVT?

A

Thrombus develops in a deep leg vein accompanied by inflammation

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43
Q

What is Virchow’s Triad?

A

Predisposing factors to DVT: venous stasis, vessel injury, and hypercoagulability

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44
Q

Signs and sx of DVT

A

Tenderness, warmth, redness, swelling, and ropiness over a vein in the leg. May have a positive Homan’s sign

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45
Q

What is Chronic Venous Insufficiency?

A

Veins are unable to keep blood moving in a unidirectional flow up to the heart. Incompetent veins allow venous stasis and risk for thrombus formation

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46
Q

What is the cause of chronic venous insufficiency?

A

Damage to the valves in the deep veins of the leg that is caused by pregnancy, prolonged standing, obesity, immobility, or trauma

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47
Q

Signs and sx of chronic venous insufficiency

A

Stasis dermatitis, heaviness of the legs, the sensation of fullness in the legs, fatigue, edema and dusky discoloration

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48
Q

What are Varicose Veins?

A

Dilated, distended superficial veins that are incompetent and have retrograde blood flow

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49
Q

What is the cause of varicose veins?

A

High pressure within the superficial veins that weakens venous valves. Can be caused by pregnancy, prolonged standing, crossed legs, sedentary activities

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50
Q

Signs and sx of varicose veins

A

Heaviness and sensation of fullness in the legs, aching, muscle cramps, itching, increased fatigue in lower leg muscles. Visible tortuous dilated veins

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51
Q

What is Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction?

A

Percentage of blood propelled out of the left ventricle with each contraction

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52
Q

What is preload?

A

The volume of blood in the heart at the end of diastole

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53
Q

What is afterload?

A

The amount of resistance that the ventricle must overcome in order to pump blood out of the heart

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54
Q

What is Cardiac Contractility?

A

The myocardium’s ability to stretch and contract in response to the filling of the heart with blood

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55
Q

What is Heart Failure?

A

A clinical condition resulting from a weakened ventricular muscle that is unable to sufficiently pump blood to meet the needs of the tissues

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56
Q

What are the causes of heart failure?

A

Ischemic heart disease, chronic HTN, chronic pulmonary disease (cor pulmonale), pulmonary HTN, cardiomyopathy, dysrhythmias, heart valve abnormalities (mitral regurgitation and aortic stenosis), pulmonary embolism

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57
Q

What are the risk factors of heart failure?

A

Adults over 65, African Americans, family hx and genetics, diabetes, obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, sleep apnea, congenital heart defects, viruses, alcohol abuse, kidney conditions, and medicines

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58
Q

What is the backward effect of left-sided ventricular failure?

A

Hydrostatic pressure builds up to the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and pulmonary capillaries

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59
Q

What is the forward effect of left-sided ventricular failure?

A

Stimulations of baroreceptors, RAAS, and antidiuretic hormone. Which causes vasoconstriction and holds onto fluid

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60
Q

Signs and sx of left-sided ventricular failure

A

Cough, dyspnea, orthopnea, PND, pulmonary crackles, cyanosis, decreased peripheral pulses, cool and pale extremities, decreased cerebral perfusion, pulmonary edema

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61
Q

What is the backward effect of right-sided ventricular failure?

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure in the right atrium which causes congestion in the vena cavas

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62
Q

What is the forward effect of right-sided ventricular failure?

A

There is decreased flow to the pulmonary artery, decrease gas exchange which can lead to hypoxemia

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63
Q

Signs and sx of right-sided heart failure

A

Jugular vein distention, ascites, GI disturbances, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, peripheral edema, ankle edema, sacral edema

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64
Q

What is Mitral Stenosis?

A

The mitral valve is too stiff, thickened, fibrotic, and narrowed and there is left atrium overload

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65
Q

What is the cause of mitral stenosis?

A

RHD

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66
Q

Signs and sx of mitral stenosis

A

Dyspnea on exertion and cough

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67
Q

What is Mitral Insufficiency?

A

The valve fails to close completely and is floppy

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68
Q

What is the cause of mitral insufficiency?

A

MI or genetics

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69
Q

Signs and sx of mitral insufficiency

A

Dyspnea on exertion, cough, and pulmonary edema

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70
Q

What is Aortic Stenosis?

A

Calcified aortic valve that can cause left ventricle hypertrophy

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71
Q

What is the cause of aortic stenosis?

A

Aortic sclerosis and congenital defect

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72
Q

Signs and sx of aortic stenosis

A

Dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope

73
Q

What is Aortic Insufficiency?

A

A weak valve that fails to close and leaks back into the ventricle

74
Q

What is the cause of aortic insufficiency?

A

Congenital defect and aortic sclerosis

75
Q

Signs and sx of aortic insufficiency

A

Cough, dyspnea, orthopnea, PND, pulmonary crackles, decreased cerebral perfusion, pulmonary edema

76
Q

What is Pulmonary Stenosis?

A

Narrowing/stiffness of the valve

77
Q

What is the cause of pulmonary stenosis?

A

Pulmonary HTN

78
Q

What is Pulmonary Insufficiency?

A

Incompetent valve that is unable to close all the way

79
Q

What is the cause of pulmonary insufficiency?

A

Pulmonary HTN since it causes the valve to endure high pressure thus making the valve weak

80
Q

What is Tricuspid Stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the valve that hinders blood flow

81
Q

What causes tricuspid stenosis?

A

RHD, endocarditis, IV drug users

82
Q

Signs and sx of tricuspid stenosis

A

Systemic edema

83
Q

What is Tricuspid Insufficiency?

A

Dilation of the tricuspid valve causes regurgitation and right-sided heart failure

84
Q

What causes tricuspid insufficiency?

A

RHD, endocarditis, and IV drug users

85
Q

Signs and sx of tricuspid insufficiency

A

Systemic edema

86
Q

What is Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)?

A

An overwhelming inflammatory reaction of the body initiated by a severe insult to the body

87
Q

What are the compensatory mechanisms for SIRS?

A

Increased respiratory rate, cardiac output, and heart rate. GI and urine output are reduced.

88
Q

What is Compensatory Anti-Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CARS)?

A

The period of reduced immunity and increased susceptibility to infection

89
Q

What is Sepsis?

A

AKA Septicemia is a body-wide infection that overwhelms the immune system and causes severe multiorgan compromise

90
Q

What is the cause of sepsis?

A

Any organism: viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasite

91
Q

What is Septic Shock?

A

A state of severe sepsis with persistent, life-threatening hypotension that is refractory to fluid replacement and vasopressors and produces lactic acid

92
Q

What is the cause of septic shock?

A

Infection of great severity

93
Q

What is Cardiogenic Shock?

A

Poor heart contractility that causes poor output. Severe hypotension lower than 90mm Hg systolic for 30 minutes

94
Q

What causes cardiogenic shock?

A

MI, cardiac tamponade

95
Q

What are the compensatory mechanisms for cardiogenic shock?

A

Simulation of SNS and RAAS

96
Q

Signs and sx of cardiogenic shock

A

low urine output, peripheral cyanosis, and altered mental status

97
Q

What is Hypovolemic Shock?

A

Decreased circulating volume

98
Q

What are the causes of hypovolemic shock?

A

Extensive bloodloss, diarrhea, vomiting, or burns

99
Q

Signs and sx of hypovolemic shock

A

Inadequate tissue perfusion, cyanosis, tachycardia, reduced urine output, confusion or agitation, poor skin turgor, and thirst

100
Q

What are the compensatory mechanisms for hypovolemic shock?

A

SNS and RAAS

101
Q

What is Anaphylactic Shock?

A

Extreme manifestations of an allergic reaction

102
Q

What causes anaphylactic shock?

A

Exposure to an allergen

103
Q

Signs and sx of anaphylactic shock

A

Stridor and wheezing are heard, laryngospasm, angioedema

104
Q

What is the cause of Neurogenic Shock?

A

SNS is disrupted by a spinal cord injury, brain injury, or during anethesia

105
Q

Signs and sx of neurogenic shock

A

Hypotension, bradycardia, low cardiac output, tissue ischemia

106
Q

What is Shock?

A

The inability of the heart and lungs to perfuse tissues with severs hypotension and hypoperfusion

107
Q

What is acute rhinitis?

A

A disorder that results in inflammation and irritation of the mucous membranes of the nasal passages

108
Q

What is the cause of acute rhinitis?

A

Rhinovirus

109
Q

Signs and sx of acute rhinitis

A

Stuffed nose, nasal discharge, sneezing, sore throat, red nasal turbinates

110
Q

What is acute pharyngitis?

A

Inflammation of the pharynx

111
Q

What is the cause of acute pharyngitis?

A

Virus or GABHS

112
Q

Signs and sx of acute pharyngitis

A

Malaise, fever, and sore throat.
Red and swollen pharyngeal membrane and tonsils. Lymphoid follicles swollen with white exudate
Cervical lymph nodes are tender

113
Q

What is acute sinusitis?

A

Infection of facial maxillary and frontal sinuses, causing inflammation and the obstruction of the sinus cavity

114
Q

What is the cause of acute sinusitis?

A

Accompanies URI or allergic reaction. Caused by virus, bacteria, or both

115
Q

Signs and sx of acute sinusitis

A

Headache, malaise, fever, stuffy and runny nose, sore throat, earache, facial pain or pressure over sinus area

116
Q

What is acute tonsilitis?

A

Infection and inflammation of tonsils

117
Q

What is the cause of acute tonsilitis?

A

GABHS, viruses like EBV, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, or cytomegalovirus

118
Q

Signs and sx of acute tonsilitis

A

Sore throat, fever, malaise, anorexia, pain and dysphagia, earache may be present. Red and inflames pharynx, white exudate over tonsillar tissue, cervical lymphadenopathy

119
Q

What is acute epiglottitis?

A

Infection and inflammation of the epiglottis

120
Q

What is the cause of acute epiglottitis?

A

Bacteria, viruses, or fungi

121
Q

Signs and sx of acute epiglottitis

A

Severe sore throat with inability to speak and difficulty breathing. Drooling of saliva, red and swollen inflamed pharynx and tonsils, and swollen epiglottis

122
Q

What is laryngitis and tracheitis?

A

Infection and inflammation of the larynx and trachea

123
Q

What is the cause of laryngitis and tracheitis?

A

Usually caused by a virus, but may be bacterial in nature

124
Q

Signs and sx of laryngitis and tracheitis

A

Sore throat and dysphagia, hoarseness or complete loss of voice, stridor may be heard, brassy cough, wheezing upon exertion, and yellow or green sputum

125
Q

What is Acute Bronchitis?

A

Infection and inflammation of the bronchi

126
Q

What causes acute bronchitis?

A

Bacterial or viral infection (influenza A or B, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and coronavirus), but can also be triggered by inhalation of toxic gases or chemicals

127
Q

What are the risk factors of acute bronchitis?

A

Smoking and exposure to pollutants and URI

128
Q

What is the pathophysiology of acute bronchitis?

A

The bronchial tree undergoes an inflammatory response to a pathogen or irritant. The mucous membrane becomes edematous and diminishes bronchial mucociliary function

129
Q

Signs and sx of acute bronchitis

A

Cough, fever, sore throat, general malaise, rhonchi heard over lungs

130
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lung tissue in which alveolar air spaces fill with purulent, inflammatory cells and fibrin

131
Q

What is the cause of pneumonia?

A

Bacteria, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, aspiration pneumonia caused by anaerobic bacteria swallowed from the oropharynx

132
Q

What are risk factors for pneumonia?

A

Lung cancers or tumors, COPD, and bronchiectasis, smoking, alcohol or drug intoxication, influenza infection

133
Q

Signs and sx of pneumonia

A

Dyspnea, fever, cough, chills, malaise, myalgias, leukocytosis, tachycardia, tachypnea

134
Q

What is tuberculosis (TB)?

A

Infection or inflammation of the lungs

135
Q

What causes TB?

A

M. tuberculosis

136
Q

What are risk factors of TB?

A

Immunosuppressed persons, persons living in crowded environments, people with diabetes, smoking, people on systemic or inhaled steroids

137
Q

What is the pathophysiology of TB?

A

Droplets of infected person pass down the airway and eventually settle in the bronchial tree.

138
Q

What respiratory disease can be dormant?

A

TB

139
Q

What is asthma?

A

AKA hyperreactive airway disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder that causes reversible airway constriction because of bronchial hyperreactivity

140
Q

What is the cause of asthma?

A

Genetic mutations, environmental factors, allergens, occupational exposure to chemical agents, viral infections, GERD, exercise

141
Q

What is the pathophysiology of asthma?

A

There is episode of spastic reactivity in the bronchioles.

142
Q

Signs and sx of asthma

A

Wheezing, cough, dyspnea, prolonged exhalations, use of accessory muscles, and chest tightness

143
Q

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?

A

A combination of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and hyperreactivity

144
Q

What is the cause of COPD?

A

Smoking, occupational and environmental exposures to chemicals and dusts, genetic susceptibility, IV drug users, connective tissue diseases, pneumocystis jioveci

145
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Hypersecretion of mucous in the large and small airways, hypoxia, and cyanosis (blue boater)

146
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

Overdistension of alveoli with trapped air, which creates obstruction to expiratory airflow, loss of elastic recoil of alveoli, and high residual volume of carbon dioxide in the lungs, pink puffer

147
Q

Signs and sx of COPD

A

Dyspnea, cough, wheeze, tachypnea, crackles, and cyanosis

148
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

AKA collapsed lung, is the presence of air in the pleural cavity that causes the collapse of a large section or whole obe of lung tissue

149
Q

What is Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax?

A

Occurs in people without underlying lung disease and in the absence of an inciting event

150
Q

What is Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax?

A

Occurs in people with a wide variety of lung diseases

151
Q

What is Traumatic Pneumothorax?

A

Occurs because of a penetrating wound of the thoracic cage and underlying pleural membrane

152
Q

What is Tension Pneumothorax?

A

Occurs when there is an escalating buildup of air within the pleural cavity that compresses the lung, bronchioles, and cardiac structures

153
Q

What is Iatrogenic Pneumothorax

A

Occurs because of a complication of medical or surgical procedures

154
Q

Signs and sx of pneumothorax

A

Chest pain, dyspnea, asymmetry of the chest, intercostal muscle retractions, lack of breath sounds, and increased respiratory rate

155
Q

What is a Pleural Effusion?

A

An abnormal collection of fluid within the pleural cavity that compresses lung tissue and inhibits lung inflation

156
Q

What is the cause of a pleural effusion?

A

Transudates, exudates

157
Q

What is the pathophysiology of pleural effusion?

A

Disruption of balance between hydrostatic and oncotic forces in the lung tissue

158
Q

Signs and sx of pleural effusion

A

Dyspnea, increased rate of breathing, pleuritic chest pain, lack of breath sounds, asymmetrical chest expansion with inhalation

159
Q

What is Coal Miner’s Pneumoconiosis

A

Caused by coal dust which stimulates an inflammatory reaction in the lungs

160
Q

What is the pathophysiology of coal miner’s pneumoconiosis?

A

The particle become engulfed by alveoli macrophages and remain in the lungs

161
Q

Signs and sx of coal miner’s pneumoconiosis

A

Cough, dyspnea on exertion, wheezes, gray sputum

162
Q

What is Asbestos lung disorder?

A

Caused by inhalation of fin asbestos crystals

163
Q

What is the pathophysiology of asbestos?

A

Crystals stimulate a chronic inflammatory reaction with eventual fibrotic changes in the lungs

164
Q

Signs and sx of asbestos

A

Dyspnea, cough, crackles, finger clubbing, signs of right ventricle failure, and sx occur decades after exposure

165
Q

What is Silicosis?

A

Caused by inhalation of fine quartz crystals

166
Q

What is the pathophysiology of silicosis?

A

Crystals stimulate chronic inflammatory reaction with eventual fibrotic changes in the lungs

167
Q

Signs and sx of silicosis?

A

Dyspnea, cough, crackles, wheezes, finger clubbing, signs of right-sided ventricular failure, sx occur after decades

168
Q

What is Pulmonary Edema?

A

Accumulation of fluid around the alveoli that inhibits oxygen transfer at alveolar-capillary interface

169
Q

Signs and sx of pulmonary edema

A

Cough, dyspnea, stridor, pink and frothy sputum, crackles in both lungs

170
Q

What is a Pulmonary Embolus?

A

A clot that has traveled to the pulmonary arterial circulation and caused obstruction to blood flow through the lungs

171
Q

What is the cause of pulmonary embolus?

A

DVT

172
Q

Signs and sx of pulmonary embolus

A

Dyspnea, chest pain, increased respiratory rate, sudden respiratory distress, tachycardia

173
Q

What is Pulmonary HTN?

A

Abnormally high pressure within the pulmonary arteries

174
Q

What is the cause of Primary Pulmonary HTN?

A

A genetic disorder caused by the abnormal structure of the pulmonary blood vessel

175
Q

What is the cause of Secondary Pulmonary HTN?

A

Increase in pulmonary artery pressure because of elevated pulmonary venous pressure, increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary vascular obstruction, or hypoxemia

176
Q

Signs and sx of Pulmonary HTN

A

Syncope, dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, and dizziness on exertion

177
Q

What is Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

A

Pulmonary dysfunction characterized by diffuse alveolar injury, pulmonary capillary damage and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates

178
Q

What is Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome a sequela to?

A

Trauma, sepsis, drug overdose, massive transfusion, acute pancreatitis, or aspiration

179
Q

Signs and sx of adult respiratory distress syndrome

A

Severe respiratory distress, coarse, loud crackles, tachycardia, elevated BP

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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