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pathophysiology > Exam 4: Chapters 37, 38, 39 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Chapters 37, 38, 39 Flashcards

1
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

suppresses osteoclastic activity with high Ca level and is secreted by the thyroid hormone

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2
Q

What is vitamin D dependent on?

A

parathyroid hormone, kidney, sunlight

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3
Q

Tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

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4
Q

Ligaments

A

connect bone to bone to form joints

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5
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Possible tear of ligaments caused by overstretching due to stretching or pulling

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6
Q

Sx of a sprain

A

bruise, edema, pain, pain with movement

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7
Q

What is a strain?

A

Overstretching of a tendon and muscle

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8
Q

Sx of a strain

A

pain, limited ROM, muscle spasms

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9
Q

What is an open or compound fracture?

A

bone protrudes outside of the body

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10
Q

Risks of open fractures

A

infection and soft tissue injury

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11
Q

What is a closed or complete fracture?

A

bone fragments separate completely and are not displaced and remain beneath the overlying tissue

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12
Q

What is a compression fracture?

A

crushing of cancellous bone

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13
Q

What is an incomplete fracture?

A

bone fragments remained partially joined

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14
Q

What is a stress fracture?

A

bone damage from repetitive activity

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15
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

bone that is separated but close

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16
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

more than one fracture line with shattered/crushed bone

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17
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

incomplete fracture- bone is intact and bent (most common in children)

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18
Q

What is an avulsion fracture?

A

separation of a small part of bone at site of attachment of ligament or tendon

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19
Q

What are the complications of musculoskeletal trauma?

A
  1. neurovascular injury- damage of blood vessels, edema compressing nerves
  2. compartment syndrome
  3. infection- osteomyelitis
  4. DVT and PE
  5. fat embolism
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20
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

When tissue pressure exceeds perfusion pressure in a closed anatomical space due to bleeding or swelling which reduces arterial blood flow

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21
Q

Sx of compartment syndrome

A

pain that is out of proportion, extensive edema, pallor area of edema, paresthesias in the affect area, weak or absent distal pulses, pressure greater than 30 mmHg

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22
Q

What are late complications of musculoskeletal injuries?

A

delayed healing, malunion, non-union, post-traumatic, arthritis, avascular necrosis

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23
Q

Causes of a hip fracture

A

osteoporosis, fall, trauma

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24
Q

Sx of a hip fracture

A

painful ROM and observe for neurovascular compromise

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25
Q

What are the complications of a hip fracture

A

non-union and AVN

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26
Q

Causes of vertebral compression fracture

A

osteoporosis and fragility fracture

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27
Q

Pathophysiology of vertebral compression fracture

A

trabecular vertebrae becomes thin, collapsed, and flattened

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28
Q

Sx of a vertebral compression fracture

A

shortened spine, kyphosis, pain, and compress of nerve tracts

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29
Q

Causes of femur fractures

A

gunshot wound, motor vehicle accident
joggers in stress fractures

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30
Q

Sx of a femur fracture

A

large amounts of bleeding and cannot bear weight

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31
Q

Causes of tibia/fibula fractures

A

low energy impact injury/fall, athletic injury, motor vehicle accident, gunshot wound

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32
Q

What is a rotator cuff injury?

A

tear of a tendon or muscle or tendonitis

33
Q

Sx of rotator cuff injury

A

pain, limited ROM, weakness

34
Q

Causes of brachial plexus injury

A

trauma and birth injury

35
Q

Pathophysiology of brachial plexus injury

A

nerves that originate in the head and run down to the arm are pulled

36
Q

Sx of brachial plexus injury

A

shock-like pain radiating down the arm and absent or diminished pulses

37
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

low bone density and structural deterioration of bone tissue with actual breaks in the bone matrix

38
Q

What are the complications of osteoporosis?

A

fractures

39
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

thinning of trabecular bone before osteoporosis develops

40
Q

Pathophysiology of osteoporosis

A

osteoclastic activity outpaces osteoblastic activity

41
Q

Causes of primary osteoporosis

A

nutritional deficit of Ca, lack of weight-bearing, decline in sex hormones, lack of exposure to sunlight

42
Q

Causes of secondary osteoporosis

A

hyperparathyroidism, corticosteroid meds, celiac disease, malabsorption, IBS

43
Q

Risk factors of osteoporosis

A

age, post menopause, hormone disorders, deficits of Ca or vitamin D or protein, cigarette smoking, small and light bone structure, and excess caffeine

44
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Progressive degeneration and inflammation of joints that gradually wears away cartilage surface exposing bone; inflammation mediators and cytokines degrade cartilage over a period of years

45
Q

Risk factors of OA

A

age, obesity, and hx of sports or previous joint injury

46
Q

Sx of OA

A

osteophytes, pain relieved with rest and worsens over time, stiff joints, limited ROM, burning sensation in joint, can be unilateral, heberden’s node

47
Q

What is rickets?

A

diseases seen in children because of failure of osteoid calcification resulting in “soft tissue”

48
Q

Causes of rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency, hypophosphatemia, lack of milk and sunlight

49
Q

Sx of rickets

A

bowing of femur, sternum protrudes, widening of growth plates, thoracic asymmetry, fontanels do not close

50
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

a disorder seen in adults due to calcium malabsorption caused by vitamin D

51
Q

Causes of osteomalacia

A

lack of sunlight, renal disorders, cancer, malabsorption, and lack of vitamin D intake

52
Q

What is degenerative disk disease?

A

intervertebral disk flattens in the cervical or lumbar areas. with age disks become rigid and lose elasticity and collapse

53
Q

Risk factors of DDD

A

heavy lifting, obesity, twisting trauma, poor physical condition, family hx

54
Q

Sx of DDD

A

back pain, osteophyte formation, pain radiating down the back of the leg or arm, numbness in extremity

55
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

infection and inflammation of a bone by bacteria

56
Q

What is the infection processes of osteomyelitis?

A

contiguous spread- invasion via a wound or puncture
hematogenous spread- invasion via blood stream

57
Q

What is reactive arthritis?

A

an autoimmune reaction in one or more joints caused by bacterial infection in another part of the body

58
Q

What is the etiology of osteomyelitis?

A

staph aureus

59
Q

What is chronic myelitis?

A

untreated or under-treated infection of the bone that lasts more than 6-8 weeks and becomes necrotic susceptible to gangrene

60
Q

Pathophysiology of osteomyelitis

A

bacteria invades the bone tissue and causes abscesses to form and deprive blood supply to the bone. the bone then becomes necrotic an is at risk for gangrene

61
Q

Sx of osteomyelitis

A

systemic: fever, malaise, chills
local: erythema, heat, edema, pain, tenderness
post op: drainage from incision and delayed healing

62
Q

Causes of septic arthritis

A

invasion of joint via blood stream or with prosthetic device

63
Q

Sx of septic arthritis

A

inflammation, pain in joint, edematous joint, fever, malaise, confirmed by aspiration of the synovial fluid, develops in a single joint

64
Q

What are the complications of septic arthritis?

A

joint dysfunction

65
Q

What is gout?

A

deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints that lead to acute inflammation which causes damage to articular cartilage

66
Q

Causes of gout

A

15-29 years of hyperuricemia

67
Q

Causes of primary gout

A

metabolic cause- defect in renal excretion of uric acid

68
Q

Cause of secondary gout

A

due to other conditions: obesity, cancer, psoriasis, meds

69
Q

Sx of gout

A

tophus form, podagra, warm, tender, severe pain, possible fever

70
Q

What is psoriatic arthritis?

A

an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the joints and connective tissue that is linked to the skin disorder psoriasis

71
Q

Sx of psoriatic arthritis

A

pain, swelling, erythema of affected joint, generalized fatigue, redness, pain in eye, plaque psoriasis, psoriatic nail changes

72
Q

What is Pott’s disease?

A

combination of osteomyelitis and arthritis that usually involves more than one vertebrae and the thoracic vertebrae is mostly affected

73
Q

Causes of pott’s disease

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

74
Q

Sx of pott’s disease

A

pain, severe kyphosis, vertebral lesions that cause compression fractures

75
Q

Causes of Lyme disease

A

deer tick transferring B burgorferi

76
Q

Sx of lyme disease

A

early localized stage: erythema migrans
early disseminated stage: (3-12 wks) more EMs, sx of meningitis, carditis, and ocular changes
late disseminated stage: (months-years) severe joint pain, swelling of large joints like the knee, encephalopathy, neuropathy of hands and feet

77
Q

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

A

systemic rheumatic inflammation condition affecting heart eyes, lungs, and kidneys

78
Q

Pathophysiology of ankylosing spondylitis

A

activation of the immune system by bacteria and the immune system is chronically stimulated causing continual tissue inflammation. cartilage of the spinal joint is replaced by bony scar tissue and joints become rigid

79
Q

Sx of ankylosing spondylitis

A

low back pain beginning in early 20s, pain over sacrum radiating to butt, groin, and legs, decreased flexion o spine causing difficulty to bend forward, sacroiliitis, kyphosis

pathophysiology (8 decks)

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