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pathophysiology > Exam 5: Chapters 24 > Flashcards

Exam 5: Chapters 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

the coordinating center and secretes releasing factor that stimulates the pituitary gland.

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2
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A

the master gland and secretes a trophic hormone that targets a specific endocrine gland.

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3
Q

What is the role of the target organ/gland?

A

to secrete an ‘acting’ hormone that acts on the body and causes a physiological effect.

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4
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

prolactin (breasts), TSH (thyroid), ACTH (adrenal gland), GH (liver and cells), LH, FSH

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5
Q

What is upregulation?

A

prolonged inadequate hormones -> increased number of receptors on the cells -> increased sensitivity

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6
Q

What is downregulation?

A

prolonged excessive hormones -> decreased number of receptors on the cells -> decreased sensitivity and gland atrophy

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7
Q

What is a primary endocrine disorder?

A

a disorder that affects the target organ; lab values for trophic hormone and acting hormone go opposite directions

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8
Q

What is a secondary endocrine disorder?

A

a disorder affecting the pituitary gland; lab values for trophic hormone and acting hormone go in the same direction

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9
Q

What is a tertiary endocrine disorder?

A

a disorder involving the hypothalamus

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10
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hypothyroidism?

A

low levels of T3 and T4

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11
Q

Causes of hypothyroidism

A

iodine deficit, autoimmune disorder (lymphocytic thyroiditis aka Hashimoto’s), treatment of Graves disease

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12
Q

Sx of hypothyroidism

A

weight gain, lethargy, fatigue, constipation, cold intolerance, memory deficit, poor attention span, hair loss, brittle nails, cretinism, swelling, hypercarotenemia

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13
Q

What is the severe life-threatening extreme sx of hypothyroidism?

A

myxedema

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14
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism?

A

high levels of T3 and T4

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15
Q

Causes of hyperthyroidism

A

autoimmune disorder (graves diseases) and thyroiditis

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16
Q

Sx of hyperthyroidism

A

weight loss, insomnia, anxiety, diarrhea, heat intolerance, exophthalmos and bulging eyes

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17
Q

What is the severe life-threatening extreme sx of hyperthyroidism?

A

thyrotoxic crisis

18
Q

What are the functions of T3 and T4?

A

increase metabolic rate, heat generation, increase GI motility, affects brain function, and cell growth

19
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hypoadrenalism?

A

also known as Addison’s disease; low levels of cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens

20
Q

Causes of hypoadrenalism

A

autoimmune disease, abrupt discontinuation of prolonged administration of glucocorticoids, destruction of the gland

21
Q

Sx of hypoadrenalism

A

hypoglycemia, weak, lethargic, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, dehydration, low of pubic hair and axillary hair, amenorrhea

22
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hyperadrenalism?

A

also known as Cushing’s disease; high levels of cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens

23
Q

Causes of hyperadrenalism

A

tumor and administration of glucocorticoids

24
Q

Sx of hyperadrenalism

A

hyperglycemia, weight gain, moon face, buffalo hump, poor wound healing, hypokalemia, hypernatremia, fluid retention, male pattern hair growth, amenorrhea

25
Q

What is dwarfism?

A

inadequate growth hormone

26
Q

What is gigantism?

A

excessive growth hormone that occurs in childhood

27
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

excess growth hormone that occurs in adulthood

28
Q

What is the pathophysiology of diabetes insipidus?

A

low ADH

29
Q

Causes of diabetes insipidus

A

tumor and head trauma

30
Q

Sx of diabetes insipidus

A

polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, decreased perfusion, confusion, disorientation

31
Q

What pathophysiology of SIADH

A

high levels ADH

32
Q

Cause of SIADH

A

head trauma, cancers, nervous system disorders

33
Q

Sx of SIADH

A

oliguria, dilutional hyponatremia, fluid volume overload

34
Q

What stimulates the excretion of PTH?

A

serum Ca

35
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hypoparathyroidism?

A

too little PTH

36
Q

Causes of hypoparathyroidism

A

trauma, damage/ removal with thyroid surgery

37
Q

Sx of hypoparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia, muscle cramps, carpal spasm (trousseau’s sign), facial twitch (chvostek’s sign), hyperphosphatemia

38
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hyperparathyroidism?

A

too much PTH

39
Q

Causes of hyperparathyroidism

A

tumor

40
Q

Sx of hyperparathyroidism

A

hypercalcemia, muscle weakness, HTN, kidney stones, osteopenia which can lead to pathologic fractures, hypophosphatemia

pathophysiology (8 decks)

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