Immune system - week 7

Question 1

which is the most predominant type of granulocyte in the blood?

Answer 1

neutrophil

Question 2

at which site would you expect to find a neutrophil? are they phagocytic?

Answer 2

at sites of acute inflammation, yes

Question 3

what does a neutrophil look like?

Answer 3

3 dark blobs in it

Question 4

name the 3 types of granulocytes

Answer 4

neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

Question 5

name a phagocyte

Answer 5

macrophage

Question 6

name 4 types of lymphocytes

Answer 6

t cell ,b cell, NK cell, mast cells

Question 7

which granulocyte helps in defence against parasites

Answer 7

eosinophil

Question 8

what are granules stained by on eosinophils? are the granules basic or acidic?

Answer 8

eosin, basic

Question 9

what does an eosinophil look like?

Answer 9

2 dark blobs

Question 10

name a granulocyte which is found in relatively low numbers in the blood?

Answer 10

basophil

Question 11

granules of basophils are stained by ….. dyes and therefore contain ….. proteins

Answer 11

basic dyes, acidic

Question 12

name 4 things which are in basophil granules

Answer 12

histamine, leukotrines, vasoactive mediators and platelet activating factor

Question 13

what does a basophil look like?

Answer 13

lots of small dark spots - granules

Question 14

which cell type can circulate then differentiate into a macrophage upon migration into tissues?

Answer 14

monocyte

Question 15

what does a monocyte/macrophage look like?

Answer 15

one large/odd shaped dark blob

Question 16

name the 2 types of t cell and what they do

Answer 16

cytotoxic - kill virus infected cells
helper t - activate b cells and macrophages

Question 17

what can natural killer cells do?

Answer 17

detect and attack some virus infected cells

Question 18

what do natural killer cells look like

Answer 18

one large, circular dark blob in middle

Question 19

upon activation, what do mast cells secrete? what do they contain?

Answer 19

substances from their granules which affect vascular permeability, histamine and heparin

Question 20

what do mast cells look like

Answer 20

small, fully dark blobs

Question 21

what are the primary and secondary lymphoid tissues?

Answer 21

primary = thymus, bone marrow
secondary = lymphatics, tonsil, spleen adenoid, appendix

Question 22

what are the 2 types of bone marrow and what are they involved in/made up of?

Answer 22

red = haematopoeisis
yellow = made of adipocytes

Question 23

where in the mediastinum does the thymus sit?

Answer 23

superior and anterior mediastinum

Question 24

when does the thymus begin to reduce in size and function?

Answer 24

after puberty

Question 25

where does positive selection occur for t cells? what is positive selection?

Answer 25

cortex, selects for t cells capable of recgonising self MHC and antigens

Question 26

what is negative selection of t cells and where does it happen in the thymus?

Answer 26

in medulla, eliminates t cells recognising self-peptide (dangerous)

Question 27

name the 4 peripheral lymphoid organs

Answer 27

lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, MALT

Question 28

what is the name of the vessels in which lymphoid migrates to secondary tissues? what do they express here?

Answer 28

high endothelial venules, express adhesion molecules which lymphocytes bind to

Question 29

what is the name of the duct in which the lymph vessles empty to the left venous angle? between which 2 veins is this duct?

Answer 29

thoracic duct, internal jugular and subclavian

Question 30

function of the lymph nodes? what gets trapped in lymph nodes?

Answer 30

filter lymph from tissues, antigen

Question 31

where in the lymph node do HEVs enter?

Answer 31

paracortex

Question 32

where in lymph nodes are b and t cells located?

Answer 32

b in primary and secondary follicles in cortex

t in paracortex

Question 33

which 2 ribs is the spleen located posteriorly with?

Answer 33

left 9 and 11

Question 34

what does the spleen rest on?

Answer 34

left colic flixure of large intestine

Question 35

what does the spleen collect? what does it do to the blood?

Answer 35

collects antigen from blood to present to lymphocytes, filters blood removing ageing RBCs/immune complexes

Question 36

what are the 2 distinct components of the spleen

Answer 36

red and white pulp

Question 37

what does the red pulp of the spleen do? what does the white pulp do?

Answer 37

red - filtration/removing aged RBCs
white - packed with t and b and dendritic cells and sifts antigen from blood

Question 38

where in the spleen are t and b cells located?

Answer 38

t in periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
b in a corona beyond sheath in a germinal centre

Question 39

name 3 places where MALT are found under the epithelium

Answer 39

respiratory, GI and GU tracts

Question 40

name the 4 GALTs

Answer 40

tonsils, adenoids, peyer’s patches, appendix

Question 41

name the 3 types of tonsil and where they are located

Answer 41

palatine at back of mouth, tubal in the nasopharynx near opening to inner ear, lingual at base of tongue

Question 42

what type of tonsil are adenoids? where are they located?

Answer 42

pharyngeal, high in the nasopharynx behind nasal cavity and soft palate

Question 43

what is the line of defence against pathogens created by the 4 types of tonsils called?

Answer 43

waldeyer’s ring

Question 44

why do tonsils swell?

Answer 44

when an immune cell in the tonsil recognises an antigen it begins to rapidly divide causing swelling

Question 45

where are peyer’s patches located?

Answer 45

in the mucosa throughout the small intestine in the ileum particularly

Question 46

which 3 things do peyer’s patches consist of?

Answer 46

primary and secondary follicles and T cell zones which lie deeper

Question 47

which part of the large intestine is the appendix part of?

Answer 47

caecum