Genitourinary system: Topic A - week 9

Question 1

what does the perineum sit below and structures of which system are held here? what extends from the perineum?

Answer 1

sits below pelvic flood, genitourinary system, external genitalia

Question 2

name all the 4 structures of the female reproductive system

Answer 2

vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries

Question 3

where do the female reproductive organs sit?

Answer 3

lesser pelvis

Question 4

name the 6 internal organs of the male reproductive system, name the outer organ. where do all these components sit?

Answer 4

internal = epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate, bulbourethral glands

external = testes in scrotum

internal organs sit in lesser pelvis

Question 5

name the 3 functions of the urinary system

Answer 5

excrete urea and toxins, maintain blood volume and maintain osmolarity

Question 6

what is the inner and outer layer of the kidney?

Answer 6

outer = cortex
inner = medulla

Question 7

where do the pyramids of the cortex of the kidney drain into?

Answer 7

minor calyces

Question 8

how many minor calyces drain into how many major calyces?

Answer 8

2-3 minor drain to 2-3 major

Question 9

where do major calyces in the kidney drain into ?

Answer 9

renal pelvis which empties to ureter

Question 10

what is the name of the point where vessels enter or exit the kidney? which vessels are included?

Answer 10

hilum, renal vein, renal artery, ureter, lymphatics and sympathetics

Question 11

blood entering the kidney for filtration passes through knots of capillaries called what? what are these knots contained within?

Answer 11

glomeruli, bowman’s capsule

Question 12

in the bowman’s capsule what is filtered out of the blood? with the exception of what?

Answer 12

all constituents of plasma, large molecular weight proteins bigger than 64 kDa

Question 13

in the bowman’s capsule useful molecules such as what must be reabsorbed?

Answer 13

glucose and ions

Question 14

what is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 14

useful substances such as glucose and ions

Question 15

what is reabsorbed in the loop of henle?

Answer 15

water

Question 16

what is secreted into the lumen of the nephron in the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 16

any waste products not filtered out in the capsule

Question 17

where is ADH released from? what does it allow?

Answer 17

posterior pituitary, makes collecting ducts more permeable allowing reabsorption of water

Question 18

at which vertebral level are the renal arteries, what do they branch off?

Answer 18

L1, abdominal aorta

Question 19

what is the name of efferent arterioles that wrap around the loop of henle? what do they drain into?

Answer 19

vasa recta, renal veins and then inferior vena cava

Question 20

describe how the kidneys lie in relation to the peritoneum

Answer 20

retroperitoneally on posterior body wall

Question 21

between which 2 vertebral levels do the kidneys lie?

Answer 21

T12- L3

Question 22

which kidney lies lower due to the large lobe of the liver?

Answer 22

right

Question 23

in life what colour and shape are the kidneys?

Answer 23

red/brown and oval

Question 24

what is the name of the glands located superiorly on the kidneys?

Answer 24

adrenal/suprarenal glands

Question 25

which 3 hormones ca be released from the adrenal cortex?

Answer 25

cortisol, aldosterone and sex hormones

Question 26

which 2 hormones can be secreted from the adrenal medulla?

Answer 26

adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 27

which type of congenital abnormality of kidney and ureters is common? what shape do the inferior ends form?

Answer 27

bifid renal pelvis and ureter , horseshoe

Question 28

give the clinical name of kidney stones and 3 reasons which cause them

Answer 28

renal calculi, dehydration diet and predisposing illnesses

Question 29

how many layers of smooth muscle are in each ureter? what do they aid?

Answer 29

3, aid peristaltic conditions that force urine into the bladder

Question 30

name the 3 regions where the ureters narrow?

Answer 30

junction between ureters and renal pelvis, where ureters cross pelvic bone, entrance of ureters to bladder

Question 30

describe the direction in which the entrances of the ureters to the bladder run through the muscle of the bladder wall?

Answer 30

obliquely

Question 30

when the bladder as full what do the entrances of the ureters to the bladder act as and what do they prevent?

Answer 30

valves, prevent urinary reflux into the ureters

Question 31

what is the minimum amount of urine the bladder can hold?

Answer 31

50ml

Question 32

the 3 layers of smooth muscle form which muscle of the bladder? which layers are circular and which are longitudinal?

Answer 32

detrusor, internal and external are longitudinal and middle is circular

Question 33

bladder musculature is a ……. …… of the 3 layers of smooth muscle

Answer 33

distorted continuation

Question 34

what is the pubic symphysis?

Answer 34

a cartilagenous joint between pubis hip bones

Question 35

what is the name of the specialised epithelium lining the bladder? what does it have the ability to do?

Answer 35

transitional epithelium or urothelium, can stretch or flatten

Question 36

how many cells thick is a distended bladder, how many is an empty one?

Answer 36

distended is 2-3 cells, empty is 5-6

Question 37

what is the shape of the cells on the base, middle and surface layers of a non-distended urothelium (empty bldder)?

Answer 37

basal - cuboidal
middle - polygonal
surface - tall columnar

Question 38

when the bladder is empty it sits inferior to the …… in the lesser pelvis. when fulls it extends up into the ………. of the anterior body wall

Answer 38

peritoneum, extraperitoneal fat

Question 39

in infants and children where does the bladder sit even when empty?

Answer 39

in the abdomen

Question 40

where does the trigone of the bladder sit? what are the rugae or the bladder? what happens to rugae as the bladder fills?

Answer 40

sits between the ureteric orificies on the posterior bladder wall, rugae line the empty bladder and flatten out as it fills

Question 41

which sphincter of the bladder is only found in males and sits at the junction of the bladdder and the urethra?

Answer 41

internal urethral sphincter

Question 42

in males, what does the internal urethral sphincter prevent?

Answer 42

ejaculatory reflux of semen into the bladder

Question 43

which bladder sphincter contains skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control?

Answer 43

external

Question 44

which bladder sphincter has autonomic innervation?

Answer 44

internal

Question 45

in females the urethra is ….. and ……

Answer 45

short and straight

Question 46

name the 4 parts which the urethra can be split into in males?

Answer 46

pre prostatic (intramural)
prostatic
membranous (intermediate)
penile (spongy)

Question 47

why are UTIs more common in females?

Answer 47

shorter length of female urethra and closer to anus

Question 48

name the 5 potential causes of UTIs

Answer 48

sexual intercourse, being pregnant, blockages in urinary tract such as kidney stones, not drinking enough, not keeping genital region clean and dry

Question 49

which urethral sphincter has somatic innervation?

Answer 49

internal