human nutrition 🌱

Question 1

what should a balanced diet include?

Answer 1

carbohydrate
protein
lipid
vitamins
minerals
water
dietary fibre

Question 2

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of carbohydrates?

Answer 2

• pasta, potato, sugary drinks, rice.
• provide energy for respiration
• obesity and type II diabetes.

Question 3

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of proteins?

Answer 3

-fish, eggs, red meat, chicken, lentils.
- growth and repair
- kwashiorkor

Question 4

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of lipids?

Answer 4

• avocado, nuts, oils, cheese.
• insulation, protection of organs, making cell membranes, energy.
• heart disease, strokes, joint damage, obesity.

Question 5

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of vitamin A?

Answer 5

• green vegetables, dairy products.
• makes a chemical which works in the eye to help you see in the dark.
• night blindness.

Question 6

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of vitamin C?

Answer 6

• citrus fruit, strawberries, sprouts.
• helps join cells together to make tissues.
• scurvy.

Question 7

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of vitamin D?

Answer 7

• fish liver oils.
• helps bones absorb calcium.
• rickets.

Question 8

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of calcium? (MINERAL)

Answer 8

• dairy products.
• strengthens bones and teeth.
• rickets

Question 9

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of iron? (MINERAL)

Answer 9

• red meat, green leafy vegetables.
• used to make haemoglobin.
• anaemia.

Question 10

what is a function and deficiency/health issue of water?

Answer 10

• chemical reactions - to help lubricate joints, excrete waste, and keep eye tissues moist.
• dehydration.

Question 11

what is a source, function and deficiency/health issue of dietary fibre?

Answer 11

• wholegrain/wholemeal, beans, nuts, seeds
• to help the digestive system to move food through intestines.
• constipation, heart disease, bowel cancer, stroke, type II diabetes.

Question 12

what 3 body processes does energy fuel?
(these vary with activity levels, age, gender, body size, and pregnancy)

Answer 12

• maintaining body temperature.
• muscle contractions/heart beating.
• growth.

Question 13

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - mouth?

Answer 13

ingestion and mechanical and chemical digestion.

Question 14

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - oesophogus?

Answer 14

food moves via peristalsis to the stomach.

Question 15

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - stomach?

Answer 15

• hydrochloric acid kills bacteria.
• protein digestion through pepsin enzymes.
• mechanical digestion.

Question 16

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - small intestine?

Answer 16

• chemical digestion (enzymes).
• absorption of nutrients.

Question 17

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - duodenum and ileum? (parts of small intestine).

Answer 17

• duodenum - digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
• ileum - absorption of digested food products into bloodstream so they can be transported to body cells.

Question 18

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - large intestine/colon?

Answer 18

absorption of water.

Question 19

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - rectum? (part of large intestine/colon).

Answer 19

storage of faeces before egestion. (released without having been part of the body).

Question 20

what is the structure and function of the human alimentary canal - pancreas?

Answer 20

produces digestive enzymes and alkali which are secreted into small intestine.

Question 21

how is food moved through the gut?

Answer 21

peristalsis.
- wavelike muscular contractions which move food along the tract.
- mucus is produced - lubricates the passage and protects the walls of the tract against enzymes.

Question 22

where is carbohydrase located in digestive system?

Answer 22

• mouth
• pancreas
• small intestine

Question 23

where is protease located in digestive system?

Answer 23

• stomach
• pancreas
• small intestine

Question 24

where is lipase located in digestive system?

Answer 24

• pancreas
• small intestine

Question 25

what does amylase break down and what does it turn into?

Answer 25

starch, glucose.

Question 26

what does maltase break down and what does it turn into?

Answer 26

maltose, glucose.

Question 27

what does protease break down and what does it turn into?

Answer 27

protein, amino acids.

Question 28

what does lipase break down and what does it turn into?

Answer 28

lipids, 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Question 29

where is bile produced/stored?

Answer 29

produced = liver
stored = gall bladder

Question 30

what is the function of bile?

Answer 30

• neutralising stomach acid
• emulsifying lipids.

Question 31

how are the villi adapted for absorption in the ileum?(3)

Answer 31

• lining of intestine one cell thick = smaller diffusion distance.
• good blood supply = each villus contains capillaries to maintain concentration gradient.
• microvilli = increase the S.A. for absorption.