Diabetic Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Insulin mechanism of action

A

Direct replacement for endogenous insulin

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2
Q

Metformin class of drug

A

biguanides

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3
Q

Metformin MOA

A

acts by activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)
Increases insulin sensitivity
Decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis

may also reduce gastrointestinal absorption of carbohydrates

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4
Q

Metformin side effects

A

Gastrointestinal upset
Lactic acidosis

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5
Q

When can metformin NOT be used?

A

Cannot be used in patients with an eGFR of < 30 ml/min

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6
Q

Gliclazide class of drug

A

Sulfonylurea

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7
Q

Gliclazide mode of action

A

Stimulate pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin
On a molecular level they bind to an ATP-dependent K+(KATP) channel on the cell membrane of pancreatic beta cells.

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8
Q

gliclazide side effects

A

Hypoglycaemia
Weight gain
Hyponatraemia

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9
Q

Sulfonylurea examples

A

gliclazide, glimepiride

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10
Q

Thiazolidinediones example

A

pioglitazole

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11
Q

Thiazolidinediones mode of action

A

Activate PPAR-gamma receptor in adipocytes to promote adipogenesis and fatty acid uptake

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12
Q

Thiazolidinediones side effects

A

Weight gain
Fluid retention

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13
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors (-gliptins) example

A

Linaglipton, alogliptin

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14
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors mode of action

A

Increases incretin levels which inhibit glucagon secretion
increase levels of incretins (GLP-1 and GIP) by decreasing their peripheral breakdown

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15
Q

Dpp-4 inhibitors adverse effects

A

Pancreatitis

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16
Q

SGLT-2 inhibitors (-gliflozins) example

A

empagliflozin, dapagliflozin

17
Q

SGLT-2 inhibitors mode of action

A

Inhibits reabsorption of glucose in the kidney

SGLT-2 inhibitors reversibly inhibit sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) in the renal proximal convoluted tubule to reduce glucose reabsorption and increase urinary glucose excretion.

18
Q

SGLT-2 inhibitors adverse effects

A

Urinary tract infection

19
Q

GLP-1 agonists (-tides) example

A

Dulaglutide
exanatide

20
Q

GLP-1 agonists (-tides) mode of action

A

Incretin mimetic which inhibits glucagon secretion

21
Q

GLP agonists adverse reactions

A

Nausea and vomiting
Pancreatitis

22
Q

Meglitinides examples

A

repaglinide, nateglinide

23
Q

meglitinides MOA

A

increase pancreatic insulin secretion
bind to an ATP-dependent K+(KATP) channel on the cell membrane of pancreatic beta cells

24
Q

Who are meglitinides used in?

A

often used for patients with an erratic lifestyle

25
Q

meglitinides adverse effects

A

adverse effects include weight gain and hypoglycaemia (less so than sulfonylureas)