Anti-retroviral therapies

Question 1

Antiretroviral typical therapy

Answer 1

combination of at least three drugs, typically two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and either a protease inhibitor (PI) or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).

Question 2

entry inhibitors example

Answer 2

maraviroc
enfuvirtide

Question 3

How do entry inhibitors work?

Answer 3

prevent HIV-1 from entering and infecting immune cells

Question 4

Nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) examples

Answer 4

zidovudine (AZT), abacavir, emtricitabine, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, tenofovir

Question 5

general NRTI side-effects?

Answer 5

peripheral neuropathy

Question 6

tenofovir side effects

Answer 6

renal impairment and ostesoporosis

Question 7

zidovudine side effects

Answer 7

anaemia, myopathy, black nails

Question 8

didanosine side effects

Answer 8

Pancreatitis

Question 9

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) examples

Answer 9

nevirapine, efavirenz

Question 10

NNRTI side effects

Answer 10

side-effects: P450 enzyme interaction (nevirapine induces), rashes

Question 11

Protease inhibitors (PI) examples

Answer 11

indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir

Question 12

Protease inhibitors side effects

Answer 12

diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, buffalo hump, central obesity, P450 enzyme inhibition

Question 13

indinavir side effects

Answer 13

renal stones, asymptomatic hyperbilirubinaemia

Question 14

ritonavir side effects

Answer 14

a potent inhibitor of the P450 system

Question 15

Integrase inhibitors examples

Answer 15

raltegravir, elvitegravir, dolutegravir

Question 16

How do integrase inhibitors work?

Answer 16

block the action of integrase, a viral enzyme that inserts the viral genome into the DNA of the host cell