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Science For Paramedics > Kidenys > Flashcards

Kidenys Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the renal system

A

The components are

  1. Two kidneys
  2. Two ureters
  3. Urinary bladder
  4. Urethra
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2
Q

What are the kidneys function ?

A

Blood enters through the renal artery and enters through a complex filtration system inside of the kidneys there are substan which are kept in the body which are reabsorbed exit through renal vein out of the kidney the unwanted stuff are eliminated through the body as urine

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3
Q

What is the renal anatomy

A

pared kidneys are reddish-brown,bean shaped organs.are retropertioneal,sited in the abnormal cavity between the peritoneum and psterior abdominal wall,extend from vertbrea T12 to L3 and the right kidney is lower then the left

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4
Q

What is the size of a adult kidney

A

10-12 cm long
5-7 cm wide
3 cm thick

On the concave border is a deep feature called the renal hilum

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5
Q

What is the nephron

A

The nephron is the functional unit of the renal system is responsible for filteration and collection

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6
Q

What are the areas of the kidneys

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Nephron

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7
Q

What is the renal cortex

A

Extends from the renal capsule to base of renal pyramids. Divides into two regions

outer cortical region and the inner juxtamedullary region

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8
Q

What is the renal medulla

A

consist of 8-10 cone shaped areas called renal pyramids

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9
Q

What is the renal pelvis

A

occupies the inner region for urine collection,originates from the upper portion of ureter branches into structures called calyces

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10
Q

What is major and minor calyx

A

the apex of renal pyramids ends in renal papila opens into minor calyx drains into major calyx and into the renal pelvis

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11
Q

What is the renal capsule

A

is a fibrous capsule with protective layer of adipose tissue

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12
Q

What is the renal lobes

A

Consits of single renal pyrmid overlaying cortex tubules extending from renal cortex to renal pyramid or medulla region

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13
Q

What is the renal parenchyma

A

the functional portion of the kidney is made up of the renal cortex and renal medulla and contains about one million nephrons

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14
Q

What is the renal blood flow

A

Renal arteries into Road
Sentimental arteries into Side
Interlobar arteries into Intubation
Arcuate arteries into Anal
Interlobular arteries into Intravenous
Afferent arterioles into Access
Glomerular capillaries into Get
Effererent arterioles into Everyone
Peritubular capillaries & Pretty
Vasa recta into Vexed
Peritubular venules into People
Interlobular veins into Including
Arculate veins into Aaps
Interlobar veins into Invent
Segmental veins into Silly
Renal veins Rhymms

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15
Q

What is the role of filtration in the kidney via the nephron

A

Has two capillaries bed blood enters through the blood vessels into glomerulus tightly packed into the bowman’s capsule the walls are semi - permeable small molecules are across drain into PCT.

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16
Q

What is Afferent and Efferent

A

Afferent - Approaching/towards
Efferent - Exiting/leaving

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17
Q

What is Renal corpuscle

A

Is where blood plasma is filtered consits of the glomerulus and bowmans capsule

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18
Q

What is the Renal tubule

A

This is a passage for the filtered fluids consist of the proximal convoluted tubules,Loop of Henle and Distal Convoluted Tubules

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19
Q

What is the collecting duct

A

Forms a large papillary duct at the apex of the medulla

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20
Q

What is the Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Cortical nephrons loop of henle lie mainly within the cortex.

Juxtamedullory nephrons loop of henle lie mainly bewteen the medulla

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21
Q

Cortical Nephrons

A

80 to 85% of nephrons are cortical,short loop of henle lies mainly in the cortex and is supplied by peritubular capillaries

22
Q

What is Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

15-20% of nephrons,long loop of henle lies mainly in the medulla supplied by the vasa recta,thin descending limb and thick descending limb

23
Q

Fuction of the kidney - A WET BED

A

A - Acid base balance
W- Water balance
E - Electrolyte balance
B- Blood pressure control
E - Erythropoeitin production
D - Vitamin D synthesis

24
Q

What is Acid base balance

A

Regulation of blood pH by excreting hydrogen ions and conserving bicarbonate ions

25
Q

What is water balance

A

Maintains blood osmolarity by loss of water and loss of solutes in urine

26
Q

What is electrolyte balance

A

regulation of blood ionic composition including
sodium ions (Na+),
potassium ions (K+),
calcium ions (Ca2+),
chloride ions (Cl-) and
phosphate ions (HPO42-).

27
Q

What is toxin removal

A

excrete waste and foreign substance in urine

28
Q

What is blood pressure control

A

excreting the enzyme RENIN.

29
Q

What is erythropoesis

A

Stimulate the production of red blood cells through the secretion of erythropoietin

30
Q

What is vitamin D metabolism

A

Vitamin D can be synthesizedin the skin upon exposure to sunlight and is then metabolized in the liver and kidney

31
Q

Formation of urine

A

Urine passes through the ureters to the urinary bladder for storage prior to excretion from the body via the urethra

32
Q

What is Glomerular filtration

A

Filtration takes place through the semi-permeable walls of the glomerulus.Water and a large number of small molecules pass through some are reabsorbed larger molcules remain in the capillaries.one pressure is pushing the fluid across, the other two are pushing against it.GBHP exerts a pushing pressure of about 55 mmHg.

33
Q

What is capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

is the hydrostatic pressure exerted against the filtration membrane by fluid already in the capsular space and renal tubule. CHP exerts a “back pressure” of about 15 mmHg

34
Q

What is Blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

is due to the presence of proteins in blood plasma exerts a “back pressure” of about 30 mmHg

35
Q

What is net filtration pressure

A

Is GBHP - CHP - BCOP = NFP

36
Q

What is Glomerular Filtration rate

A

is the volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys each minute.In a healthy adult the GFR is about 125 ml/min.180 L of dilute filtrate are formed each day (by both kidneys between them)
Most filtrate is reabsorbed with only 1-1.5 L excreted as urine

37
Q

Why does reaborption happen

A

Reabsorption allows these things to be eliminated from the body.Without reabsorption we would dehydrate rapidly.

38
Q

Where does the filtrate go

A

into the pertibular capillaries happens by active and passive transport

39
Q

What is diuretics

A

cause the kidneys to produced more urine and anti diuretics decreases the production of urine

40
Q

What is Diuresis

A

Increased or excessive production

41
Q

What does ADH do

A

released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and increase the permeability of the tubules and collecting tubules increasing water re absorption

42
Q

What is renin,angiotensin and aldosterone cycle

A

Reinin - low blood pressure or low blood volume, and enzyme called renin is released into the blood by juxtaglomerular cells located in the kidney.

in the presence of renin liver release Angiotensinogen react together form angiotensin.lungs make angiotensin converting enzyme known as ACE -converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 makes its way to the adrenal glands (which sit on top of the kidney), and the adrenal cortex releases aldosterone

43
Q

What is Aldosterone

A

hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex -vIncreases the reabsorption of sodium and water and excretion of potassium

44
Q

What is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

A

dilates the afferent arteriole leads to increase blood flow - increase excretion of water and sodium

45
Q

What is parathyroid hormone

A

secreted from parathyroid glands - regulates the reabsorption of calcium from the distal collected tubules

46
Q

What is the ureters

A

carry urine from the kidneys to urinary bladder about 25-30 cm long diameter of 3 mm pass downward through the abdominal cavity into the pelvic cavity

47
Q

The walls of the ureter

A

An outer layer of fibrous tissue
A muscular layer of smooth muscle fibres
An inner layer of mucosa consits of transitional epithelium.
Peristalsis of the smooth muscle propels urine along the ureter, occurring several times per minute

48
Q

The urinary bladder

A

Hollow, distensible muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity, posterior to the pubic symphysis

males - anterior to the rectum
females - anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus
capacity averages 700-800 ml

Three openings in the bladder wall form a triangle called trigone. The upper two openings on the posterior wall are of the ureters. The lower opening is of the urethra

49
Q

The urethra

A

Two layers - inner mucosa layer and outer muscle layer

inner layer -continuous with that of the bladder and is made up of smooth muscle fibres which are under involuntary control

outer layer -made up of striated muscle fibre which is under voluntary control

50
Q

how long is the urethra

A

It is about 20 cm

Science For Paramedics (13 decks)

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