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VM744: THERIOGENOLOGY > Female Endocrinology > Flashcards

Female Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

A

Kisspeptin
GnRH
Dopamine
Oxytocin

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2
Q

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?

A

FSH
LH
Prolactin

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3
Q

What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin

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4
Q

What hormones are produced by the ovary?

A

Estradiol
Inhibin (Activin)
Progesterone

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5
Q

What hormones are produced by the uterus?

A

Prostaglandin

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6
Q

Diagram the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis

A
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7
Q

Compare the connections between the anterior and posterior pituitaries

A

Vascular connection between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary - GnRH
Neural connection between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary - Oxytocin

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8
Q

What cells bind GnRH?

A

Gonadotrophs

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9
Q

What is the function of GnRH?

A

Stimulation of synthesis and secretion of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary

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10
Q

What cells bind dopamine?

A

Lactotrophs

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11
Q

What is the function of dopamine?

A

Inhibition of prolactin synthesis
[high dopamine = low prolactin]

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12
Q

What are the functions of oxytocin?

A

Stimulation of uterine smooth muscle contractions (parturition)
Contraction of oviduct (gamete transport)
Contraction of myoepithelial cells (milk let down)

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13
Q

What is a major difference between oxytocin and prolactin?

A

Oxytocin = milk let down
Prolactin = milk production

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14
Q

What triggers release of oxytocin from the anterior pituitary?

A

Cervical stimulation (‘Ferguson Reflex’)
Nursing

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15
Q

What regulates FSH? Positive FB, Negative FB, Stimulation

A

Positive FB by activin
Negative FB inhibition by inhibin and estradiol
Stimulated by GnRH (low frequency pulses)

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16
Q

What are the functions of FSH?

A

Stimulation of ovarian follicle growth
Stimulation of estradiol production by granulosa cells
Induction of synthesis of LH receptors on granulosa cells

17
Q

What regulates LH? Positive FB, Negative FB, Stimulation

A

Positive FB by estradiol
Negative FB by progesterone
Stimulation by GnRH (high frequency pulses)

18
Q

What are the functions of LH?

A

Stimulation of estradiol production by granulosa cells
Maturation of the dominant follicle and oocyte
Induction of ovulation and follicle
Stimulation of progesterone secretion
Maintenance of CL

19
Q

What roles do FSH and LH play in follicular development?

A

FSH stimulates follicle growth
LH stimulates follicle maturation and ovulation

20
Q

What are the differences between gonadotropin pulses during the luteal vs follicular phases?

A

Luteal: amplitude increases, frequency decreases
Follicular: amplitude decreases, frequency increases

21
Q

What is the mechanism by which LH secretion is modulated?

A

Elevated estradiol levels in late estrus cause increased LH secretion (positive FB) by increasing GnRH pulse frequency

22
Q

What is important about the structure of FSH and LH?

A

Alpha subunits are identical within a species
Beta subunits confers biological activity
Neither alpha or beta subunits by themselves have biologic activities

23
Q

What controls prolactin secretion?

A

Inhibition of dopamine = secretion of prolactin
TRH stimulates prolactin secretion

24
Q

What are the functions of prolactin?

A

Mammary gland growth and development
Initiation and maintenance of lactation

25
Q

What hormones are produced by the ovarian follicle vs CL?

A

Follicle: estradiol, inhibin, AMH, testosterone
CL: progesterone

26
Q

Compare theca and granulosa cells

A

Theca: cholesterol –> progesteron –> androgens
Granulosa: androgens –> estrogens

27
Q

What cells produce estradiol?

A

Granulosa cells of follicle

28
Q

What are the functions of estradiol?

A

Behavioral effects
Reproductive tract effects
Endocrine effects - LH (+FB), FSH (-FB)
Causes animal to go into estrus, growing follicle

29
Q

What cells produce progesterone?

A

Luteal cells of the CL

30
Q

What are the functions of progesterone?

A

Behavioral effects
Reproductive tract effects
Endocrine effects - LH (-FB)
Maintenance of pregnancy

31
Q

What cells produce inhibin?

A

Granulosa cells of the follicle

32
Q

What cells produce activin?

A

Granulosa cells

33
Q

What is the function of inhibin?

A

Suppression of FSH secretion

34
Q

What is the function of activin?

A

Stimulation of FSH

35
Q

What cells produce prostaglandins?

A

Endometrium (uterine lining)

36
Q

What are the functions of prostaglandins?

A

Luteolysis (destruction of CL)
Stimulation of uterine smooth muscle
Local involvement in ovulation

VM744: THERIOGENOLOGY (30 decks)

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