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VM744: THERIOGENOLOGY > Small Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Small Animal Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages: Transcervical Insemination

A

Non-invasive
Perform multiple AIs per heat
Visualization to see vaginal pathology
Fast out-pt consultation
Use frozen or poor quality semen
Preg rates similar to other AI techniques

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2
Q

Obstacles: TCI

A

Long vaginal length
Narrow space under DMF
Limited space in paracervical area
Position of the ventrally facing/mobile os cervix
Angle (and diameter) of the cervical canal

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3
Q

Advantages: Surgical AI

A

Most clinics have all the equipment to perform it
Low skill level required

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4
Q

Disadvantages: Surgical AI

A

Invasive
Non-repeatable
Needs GA
Post-op complications
Expensive
Slow
In-patient
Ethical concerns

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5
Q

Dog Semen Fractions

A

1: seminal and prostatic fluid
2: sperm
3: prostatic fluid (best way to examine prostate)

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6
Q

What is the role of estrogen in canine repro?

A

Edema - swelling of the vulva and the vaginal mucosal folds
Thickening of the vaginal epithelium
Bleeding from the endometrium
Attracting the male

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7
Q

What is the role of progesterone in canine repro?

A

Stimulate further development of endometrial glands
Stimulate secretion by endometrial glands
Suppress contractility of uterus
Close the cervix
Suppress the leukocyte response in the uterus
Maintain pregnancy - also the cause of pyometra

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8
Q

What type of estrus cycle do dogs have?

A

Mono-estrous
1-3 cycles per year
Basenjis, wolves, Tibetan mastiffs cycle once a year
Cycle duration = 7m
Puberty = 7-12m
Fertility starts to decrease from 4y

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9
Q

Unique features of canine estrous cycle

A

Monoestrous - one opportunity to get pregnant per year (cannot short cycle)
No luteolytic mechanism/ no known maternal recognition mechanism
Successful breeding and pregnancy = 65d
No breeding = pseudopreg or diestrous = 60-90d

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10
Q

Canine sperm longevity

A

7d

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11
Q

Standing heat

A

Associated with decreasing estrogen and rising progesterone

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12
Q

When do progesterone levels rise in dogs? When does the bitch go into diestrus?

A

Before ovulation
After ovulation, does not go into diestrus but is still in estrus for another 3-8d

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13
Q

When do females stand to be bred?

A

Females will stand to be bred several days prior to onset of fertility period (behavioral estrus does no = fertile period)

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14
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

48h after LH0 and an immature oocyte is released
Takes another 48h in the oviduct for the oocyte to mature

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15
Q

When is the fertile period?

A

Period when fertilizable oocytes present
3d

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16
Q

Reasons for using multiple sires in a single estrus

A

Accelerated genetic gain
Optimize likelihood of pregnancy and litter size
Breeding bitch doesn’t lose a heat due to failed pregnancy
Overall increase in reproductive performance

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17
Q

How do we determine when the ___ day fertile period is occurring?

A

3 day
Behavioral signs: reflexes (vulva, tail, lordosis, standing)
Anatomy: vulvar consistency/turgidity
Vaginal cytology
Vaginoscopy
Blood hormone assays
Up to down = increasing predictiveness but more invasive

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18
Q

Proestrus behaviors

A

Attractive but not receptive

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19
Q

Estrus behaviors

A

Attractive and receptive/standing heat

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20
Q

Diestrus/Pregnancy/Anestrus behaviors

A

Non-attractive and non-receptive/aggressive

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21
Q

What is the poke test?

A

Flagging and standing reflex when in estrus

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22
Q

Proestrus vulvar changes

A

Swelling and bleeding or
Swelling but no bleeding

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23
Q

Vaginal cytology is an indirect measurement of ___________. It is reflected by ____________. What is the predictive value?

A

Estrogen
Reflected by the % of superficial cornified vaginal epithelial cells
Predictive value: will not tell you when ovulation has occurred but will identify the ‘fertilization period’

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24
Q
A

Basal cell
Smallest, darker than parabasal
Large, living vesicular nucleus

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25
Q
A

Parabasal cell
Small and round
Large, living, vesicular nucleus

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26
Q
A

Intermediate cell
Vesicular, living nucleus with clear outline
Partly angular (small) to angular (large) cytoplasm

27
Q

What is the progression of vaginal cells?

A

Basal
Parabasal
Intermediate
Early superficial
Late superficial

28
Q
A

Superficial
Dead, dark-staining cells
Large, angular cytoplasm
Pyknotic or no nucleus

29
Q

What is the superficial cell index?

A

Proportion of superficial epithelial cells on a smear (%) = presence means you are in the ‘fertile window’

30
Q

What stage of estrus cycle?

A

Early pro-estrus

31
Q

What stage of estrus cycle?

A

Estrus
Time of AI/mating

32
Q

Vaginal epithelium description at anestrus

A

Without estrogen, the vaginal epithelium is very thin and the SCI is low

33
Q

Vaginal epithelium description at proestrus to estrus

A

With estrogen, the vaginal epithelium is very thick and hyperplastic and the SCI goes up to 100%

34
Q

Vaginal epithelium description at diestrus

A

Without estrogen (even if progesterone is high as in diestrus) the vaginal epithelium is very thin and the SCI is low

35
Q

Indications for vaginoscopy

A

Pre and breeding management
Detect vaginal abnormalities (i.e. strictures)
Detect vaginal pathologies (i.e. vaginitis)

36
Q

Advantages: vaginoscopy

A

Takes into account both estrogen and progesterone

37
Q

What stage of estrus cycle?

A

Proestrus
Pink, moist, swollen, large edematous folds, little or no vaginal lumen

38
Q

What stage of estrus cycle?

A

Early estrus
Paler pink, drier, edema recedes, see transverse folds, large vaginal lumen

39
Q

What stage of estrus cycle?

A

Estrus
Shrunken, angular

40
Q

What stage of estrus cycle?

A

Late estrus - breed now
Dry, pale, shrunken angular crenulated mucosa, large luminal space

41
Q

What stage of estrus cycle?

A

Diestrus
Pink, moist rounded folds often with brown discharge

42
Q

Limitations: Direct Detection of LH

A

Very narrow peak that can be missed
Can still miss LH with daily sampling

43
Q

When does ovulation occur in relation to LH?

A

Approximately 2d after LH0 and is also associated with abrupt rise in progesterone

44
Q

When does the fertility period begin?

A

48h after ovulation

45
Q

How long is each type of semen viable?

A

Fresh: 7d
Fresh chilled: 2-5d
Frozen thawed: 6-24h

46
Q

Puberty Onset: Cats

A

4 to 12 m

47
Q

What type of estrus cycle in cats?

A

Seasonally polyestrus
Long day breeders - summer
Induced ovulators = 29-40h post mating
Spontaneous ovulations do occur = pyometra in an unmated cat

48
Q

Cats: Estrus and gestation length

A

7d estrus
66d gestation

49
Q

Cats: Mating behavior

A

Calling thoughout follicular phase and towards the end (in estrus) will crouch, roll, vocalize, moving tail to side, show increased affection, and allows mating

50
Q

What is the pathogenesis of CEHMEP complex?

A
51
Q

Pathogenesis of Pyometra

A
52
Q

Special Pathogen Theory of Pyometra

A

Pyometra in young bitches without CEH

53
Q

Regardless of the pathogenesis, a bitch cannot develop a pyometra (or CEH) without the presence of ________________

A

Progesterone
Every intact bitch susceptible to developing a pyometra whether bred or not

54
Q

Pyometra: Signalment

A
55
Q

Presentation: Vaginitis

A
56
Q

Juvenile Vaginitis Clinical signs

A

Mucoid vulvar discharge
Often no other signs other than licking at vulva
Likely immune-mediated

57
Q

Adult Onset Vaginitis Causes

A

Primary: brucella, herpes, tvt
Secondary: anatomic, dermatitis, foreign body, neoplasia, LUT disease

58
Q

Vaginal hyperplasia is associated with __________

A

Estrogen

59
Q

Define: Vaginal hyperplasia

A

Protrusion of edematous vaginal mucosa into the vaginal lumen and sometimes through the vulvar lips

60
Q

When does vaginal hyperplasia most commonly occur?

A

Proestrus and estrus
Heritable

61
Q

What are the clinical presentations of vaginal hyperplasia?

A
62
Q

Ovarian remnant syndrome

A

When heat/estrus occurs after ovarioectomy or ovariohysterectomy of a queen of bitch has been performed
Due to the presence of residual functional ovarian tissue not completely removed at surgery

63
Q

Clinical Signs: ORS

A

Assoc with proestrus or estrus (estrogen)
Usually within weeks to months after sx
Bitch: vulvar swelling, bloody discharge, flagging/allowing mounting
Queen: vocalizing, rolling, lordosis, receptivity

64
Q

dDx Spayed bitch with bloody vulval discharge

A

Exogenous estrogen therapy/creams used by pet owners
Trauma
Coagulopathy

VM744: THERIOGENOLOGY (30 decks)

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