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Human Anatomy > Respiratory & Immune System PT.2 > Flashcards

Respiratory & Immune System PT.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mouth vs nose inhaling- Least resistance?

A

Mouth
mouth has less resistance because nose has conchae and cilia to slow it down.

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1
Q

Nasal Cavity Functions

A

Air enters through the nasal cavity where it is warmed, filtered, and moistened

Nasal factor has olfactory receptors

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2
Q

Pharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, esophagus- comparative locations

A

Pharynx

*The nasopharynx lies posterior to the nasal cavity

*The oropharynx lies posterior to the oral cavity

*The laryngopharynx lies posterior to the larynx

Esophagus

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3
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

A progressive, inherited disease that causes malfunction in cells that produce mucus and certain other body fluids

Leads to persistent lung infections as well as other problems throughout the body

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4
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by clot or obstruction

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5
Q

Random statement

A

Carbon dioxide from tissue cells into blood during internal respiration

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6
Q

Pneumorthorax

A

Air leaks from the lungs to the space near the chest wall due to excess pressure on the lungs

Causes: COPD TB ASTHMA WHOOPING COUGH OR CF

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7
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Due to a lack of surfactant which causes alveoli to collapse

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8
Q

COPD

A
  1. COPD

COPD- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A group of diases that restrict airflow and make breathing dificult.

Symptoms: difficulty breathing, extra mucus, wheezing

Due to particulate exposure- smoking, air pollution, etc.

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9
Q

Anoxia (no food?)

A

Total lack of oxygen

Hypoxia- partial lack of oxygen

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10
Q
  1. Apnea (nea= nia=stopped dancing)
A

Cessation of breathing

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11
Q

Cyanosis (cyan)

A

Blue color due to lack of oxygen

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12
Q

Emphysema

A

Smokers get emphysema

Alveoli damaged and enlarged

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13
Q

of lobes in R & L lungs (right is favored)

A

Right: 3

Left: 2

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14
Q

Smoking vs stopping smoking and respiratory response

A

When stop smoking- reparatory performance improves

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15
Q

Tidal volume (calm ocean tides)

A

The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing

Approximately 500 mL

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16
Q

Residual Volume

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IN)

*The amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly after a normal inhalation

*Averages between 2100 and 3200 mL

Expiratory Reserve Volume (EXIT)

*The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

*Approximately 1200 mL

17
Q

Vital capacity

A

*The total amount of air that can be exchanged
greatest volume of air that can be expelled from lungs after taking the deepest possible breaths

18
Q

Chemical Regulator of respiration

A

Carbon dioxide

19
Q

Structures of the Lymphatic System (Tony thought spinning penguins ate)

A

Tonsils: trap pathogens entering the throat

Thymus: involved in producing lymphocytes in children

Peyer’s Patches: capture and destroy bacteria in the small intestine

Spleen: filters pathogens and debris from blood

Apenex

20
Q

Location, size, involution, and function of thymus

A

Location- The thymus gland is in the chest between the lungs.

Anterior media sternum

Size- Largest during 2nd year of life shrinks after puberty

Involution- the shrinkage of an organ in old age or when inactive, e.g. of the uterus after childbirth.

Function- The thymus is the organ primarily responsible for the production and maturation of immune cells

21
Q

Two most damaging and disabling respiratory diseases in the U.S.

A

COPD and lung cancer

22
Q

Lymph NOdes function (NO IN THE LYMPH)

A

*Filter unwanted substances such as pathogens and cancer cells from the lymph

filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease.

23
Q

T Lymphocyte production and storage locations

A

*Non-antibody producing lymphocytes

*Function in cell-mediated immunity

*Develop in the thymus gland

24
Q

Complement system

A

Helps or complements the ability of antibodies a phagocytic cell to clear pathogens from an organism

25
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

*Acquired during an infection or vaccination

*Provides immunological memory

Specific Defenses

26
Q

Passive immunity

A

that occurs when a person is given antibodies rather than making them through his or her own immune system.

*Acquired when a mother’s antibodies cross the placenta to the baby or when antibodies from a donor are injected

*Does not provide immunological memory - short-lived immunity

27
Q
  1. Innate immunity (inNATE MORE LIKE INMATE HA UR NOT GONNA MATE LOL)
A

*Protect the body from all foreign invaders, regardless of their type or location

*Examples:

*Skin

*Mucous membranes

*Inflammatory response

*Proteins

Nonspecific Defenses

28
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that triggers an immune response
Most common antigens are a bacterium, fungus, virus, toxin, or foreign body
Proteins are the strongest antigens

29
Q

Antibody

A

producing specialized proteins called antibodies that bind to antigens, tagging them for destruction by other cells

30
Q

Sore throat and swollen lymph nodes indicate an increase in what?

A

*Lymph nodes may swell and become tender when an infection is present

*Caused by large numbers of trapped bacteria or viruses

31
Q

Function of Helper T cells (helpy fnaf he alerts u)

A

*“Help” by circulating through the body and stimulating other immune cells into action by:

*Directly interacting with them or

*Releasing chemicals that stimulate their activity

32
Q

Humoral immunity cells

A

humoral immune response, in which antibodies produced by B cells prevent the spread of intracellular infections.

*Involves antibodies that circulate in the blood or lymph

*Activated when B cell antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of a pathogen

*Triggers rapid division called clonal selection

33
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

A type of lymphocyte that binds to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells

Kills them by injecting granules that contain special proteins such as perforin, which creates holes in the plasma membrane

34
Q

Indications of inflammatory response (5)

A
  1. Redness
    2 heat,
  2. swelling
  3. pain
  4. loss of function
35
Q

What are T and B cells activated by?

A

T cells and b cells ae only activated by exposure to a specific antigen at a specific cite in the plasma membrane

36
Q

Order of conduction (9)

A

1 Mouth/nose,
2. trachea
3.primary bronchus
4.lobar bronchus
5.bronchioles
6.terminal bronchiole
7.respiratory bronchiole
8.alveolar duct
9.alveoli

37
Q

1st 2nd 3rd and 4th line of defense

A

1st skin
2nd mucous
3rd T cells
4th memory cells

1st: Mechanical Barriers ex. Skin, Mucous Membranes

2nd: Cells and Chemicals: Phagocytes, Natural killer cells, Inflammatory response Variety of chemicals

3rd: Two Divisions

*Humoral

*Cellular

38
Q

T Cell Production Location

A

Thymus

39
Q

Newborn immunity

A

Antibodies across placenta from mother

Human Anatomy (14 decks)

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